Albert Fish Essay

IntroductionE reallyone is aware there are different types of offs appear there. All of them take peoples lives however how they do it in each category is different. In the case of at operateant slayers they kill deuce-ace or more individuals spaced out over a flow rate of time. They tend to go through human bodys which include the killing phase, capture phase, aviation phase, totem phase, and the depression phase. The phases do not happen in a specific order and not all serial cause of deaths experience all of them. each(prenominal) individual is different. However, during the aura phase the killer becomes withdrawn from reality and tends to lay down heightened senses. During the killing phase is when the killer actually takes the victims life and that formly leads to the totem phase. This is when the killer tends to take a memento of the moment. For example, Albert seek would take eubstance split to cook and eat. Serial killers may experience a phase of depression by and by the initial effects of the kill wears off, which is normally why the totem phase takes place (to prolong the experience). There is also the capture phase, which slackly takes place prior to killing the victim. During this phase the killer renders the victim bemused in a way in which they pukenot escape their captivity (Kitaeff, 2011, p. 102). It is quite a complex and disturbing. Lets move onto a serial killer case that is disturbing and riveting and claimed potentially hundreds of childrens lives.The Case of Albert Hamilton tiltAlbert Hamilton fish seemed to be a harmless man. He was a considerable father and husband and no one suspected he could be such a monster. He was about 5 feet 5 inches portentous and weighed about 130 pounds, and was quite frail in his elderly grades. aspect at him there was no way of knowing he could get at such a danger (Bardsley, n.d.). One of his known victims was Gracie Budd. He arrange her after responding to an ad that her brot her had placed looking for a crinkle as a do work peck. angle went to their residence and claimed to be wiener Howard. Mr. Howard state that he would return the next day to pick up the Budds son and his best friend to take him back to his farm to begin work. When he returned he utter he had a natal day burst to attend and he would like to take Gracie with him, her mother hesitated, but ended up allowing her to go with him. Gracie and the man known to the Budds as Mr. Howard were never to be seen again (Bardsley, n.d.). The morning after her disappearance her brother, Edward, went to the natural law to report that his sister was missing. To the families dismay, the address that Mr. Howard had put acrossn them did not exist. There were save a few solid clues that would help police locate the mystery story man who had last been seen with Gracie. They entrap the original note he had move from the Western Union Office so they now had a hand writing sample to use for compari son. It also showed that Mr. Howard had whatsoever form of statement based of the proper use of grammar and how well his writing was. They also found a location in common with the addresses that he had given the Budds East Harlem (CrimeLibrary, n.d). She was not his first victim though. Just a year before Gracie became one of The antique Mans victims a juvenile boy disappeared from the hall of his apartment edifice where he was playing with a 3 year old and a 12 year old. The cured boy went back into the apartment to check on his sister. When he returned both(prenominal) of the Billys were gone. The 3 year old was found on the roof and stated that the boogey man had taken Billy Gaffney. His body was never found (Bardsley, n.d.). Gracie and Billy were not the only victims of Albert tilt. He also abducted and kill Francisis McDonnel in 1924, among numerous other victims (Jenks & Johnson, n.d.). When an investigator spread rumors that he had untried evidence on Gracie Budds d isappearance the Budds received a bone chilling letter detailing what had happened to her. He recounted the memories of him arriving at their address on June 3, 1928. He talked about how he had brought them cheese and that he had invited Gracie to the natal day party he had to attend and that her mother allowed her to leave with him. He also stated in the letter that he had her wait outside of the building while he went inside and stripped down naked. He then(prenominal) waved her to come upstairs and he hid in a clo go by wait for her to enter the notice. When she did he attacked her, strangled her, and cut her up to take her to his room so he could eat her. He told the Budds that it took him nine old age to devour her entire body and that he really enjoyed how shetasted. He told them how she had fought him and that she died a virgin even though he could mystify taken usefulness of her if he had wished too (Jenks & Johnson, n.d.). Edward rushed the letter to the authorities w here they didnt motivation to believe the letter but the hand writing matched that of Mr. Howards on the Western Union letter. The envelope had an important clue a abject hexagonal emblem had the letters N.Y.P.C.B.A. which stood for the New York Private Chauffeurs Benevolent Association (Bardsley, n.d.). Because of this clue, the president of the association called an emergency meeting and everyone was questioned and had to give a writing sample. No one matched the writing sample they had for The Gray Man. So, the extended the search, they asked if anyone had taken any of the stationary and one man admitted to victorious a few envelopes and pieces of stationary that he had left behind at his old rooming address.When they police gave a description of Mr. Howard she was surprised that the description matched suddenly to an older gentleman who had roomed there for a couple of months and had bonnie canvass out a few days prior to police arrival. But, to the demesne lady, he was known as Albert H. Fish. He had asked her to hold a letter for him because he was expected rough money from his son who sent him some often (CrimeLibrary, n.d.). Then on December 13, 1934 the land lady called the investigator and stated that Fish was at the house. The detective rushed over and when he entered to room asked if he was, in accompaniment, Albert Fish. He was then arrested (Bardsley, n.d.). During his interrogation, Fish confessed to killing Gracie Budd and Billy Gaffney as well as at least(prenominal) nose candy more children. Fish told investigators that he had a blood thirst and thats why he took Gracie even though is intentions were to take her brother, Edwards and his best friend. He intended on taking them into the woods, tying them up, and cutting off their genital organ and leaving them to bleed to death. But, when he met Gracie, she is the one that he just had to throw. He gave sorry details, more than he included in the letter, of what he had through to her. He had placed her head on a paint can and proceeded to decapitate her catching most of her blood in the paint can. He cut her to pieces wrapping what he cherished to play along in musical composition and throwing the rest of a concrete wall of the abandoned building he had killed her in. He told investigators that he was unsure as to why he wanted to kill her and that he had no thoughts of raping her. When they found Gracies body hestood nearby and showed no emotion even though he had told those in the audience that he would have given anything to bring her back after he had killed her (Bardsley, n.d.).Fish had a record with police. He had been arrested at least 6 times and most of them were right around the time that he had kidnapped and killed Gracie Budd. He also spent time in mental institutions as well. He had 6 children, a wife, who left him when his youngest was 3, and took everything (CrimeLibrary, n.d).When Fishs word picture was seen by a motorman who drove a Bro oklyn trolley he was identify as being seen with Billy Gaffney on February 27, 1927 which he also confessed to. He described how he had killed the young boy as well as how he prepared his body for a feast. He said he whipped Billys naked body until blood ran down his legs (this was to alter the meat), cut off his ears and nose, and split his mouth from ear to ear. Once he was dead he stuck a knife in his belly and drank some of his blood. Fish then cut up the body putting what he wanted to keep in a sack and threw the other parts into the murky water near North Beach (Bardsley, n.d.).During the time of the interview with Dr. Wertham, a Psychologist, he came across as meek, gentle, benevolent, and polite (Bardsley, n.d.). In fact the doctor stated If you wanted someone to entrust your children to, he would be the one you should choose (Bardsley, n.d.). Boy, how his appearances were very misleading. According to Wertham, Fishs stead in about the ordeal was complete detachment. Fish even stated that he was indifferent on living or dying because he felt that he was never quite right. And felt that he was not insane but that he was never able to understand him ego and who he was. His entire family had a serious history of mental issues, which could be part of the reason Dr. Wertham believed he was beyond insane.Fish confided in Dr. Wertham that he had at least 100 more victims than anyone knew about as well as how he would torture himself. He claimed to have stuck needles in his body among his rectum and scrotum. The doctorwas skeptical until an x-ray confirmed what he had told the doctor needles he pushed in to far were still there. He also stated that he would soak cotton balls in alcohol and stick them in his rectum and set them on fire, he also did this to some of his victims. He told the doctor I always had a desire to inflict pain on others and to have others inflict pain on me. I always seemed to enjoy everything that hurts (Bardsley, n.d.).At the age of 55, Fish began to experience hallucinations and delusions. He seriously believed that his actions were dictated by god himself. divinity fudge told him that he was supposed to kidnap, mutilate, and kill young boys. His children had witnessed him rest on a hill with his hands raised stating, I am God They also testified that they had seen him beat his naked body with a board full of nails until his body was covered in blood. These things lead Wertham to believe that Fish was suffering from a religious psychosis. When Fish recounted how he killed and cooked Billy, Dr. Wertham noticed that he spoke matter of factly and that he seems to get some sort of expiation and thrill from what he had done (Anderson, n.d.).His trial only lasted ten days and it took the jury only an hour to return a verdict of indictable. The guilty by reason of insanity did not work and he was sentenced to the galvanic chair. While Fish was not happy with the verdict (he said God still had more work for him to do), he was intrigued by the fact that he was going to die by an electric chair. He even thanked the forecast for granting him this punishment (Anderson, n.d).Psychological TheoriesAccording to Dr. Wertham, who testified at the trial, he believed that Fish was legitimately insane. With his history of mental issues, his hallucinations and delusions, Wertham found Fish to be an introverted (concerned with his self and actions rather than others) and extremely infantilistic personality (mentally under developed) (Bardsley, n.d.). Dr. Wertham labeled Fish as having a paranoid psychosis due to his abnormal makeup and because he suffered from delusions and hallucinations that God was giving him commands to conduct the horrendous acts. It was believed that Fish had a perverted, a warp if you want, an insane knowledge of right and wrong. Histest was that if it had been wrong he would have been stopped, as Abraham was stopped, by an angel (Bardsley, n.d.).Psychological Causes of his CrimesAlbert Fish was a gruesome serial killer, one that no one will ever be able to understand fully. A serial killer is defined as an individual who commits at least three murders over a spanned pointedness of time. It is believed that having a history of abandonment, abuse, neglect, and domestic violence may play a role in individuals becoming serious killers (Kitaeff, 2011, p. 101). And, contrary to what some believe, serial killers can and normally do lead what we see as normal lives. They have families, are active in the community, and do not keep to themselves. However, they do feel the need to be in complete entertain and if they do not feel they are they feel helpless and powerless. Fishs father died when he was young, his mother sent him to an orphanage where he was repeatedly beaten and sexually abused, all of which could have contributed to what he became (Kitaeff, 2011, p. 102).Fish seems to fall into the typologies of visionary and hedonistic. The visionary typology states that offenders are normally psychotic and they tend to see and hear things that tell them to commit their crimes. Hedonistic is when a murder kills for their pleasure and tend to exhibit bizarre aspects which defy any head of rational behavior (Kitaeff, 2011, p. 103). They also tend to be sadistic and brutal, and in Alberts Fishs case, he was all of the above. He viciously tortured many of his victims and then he would savor the kill by cooking up body parts to eat them (Bardsley, n.d.).ConclusionIt is rubber to say that Albert Fish was not all there. However, can it really be proven that he did not know right from wrong? afterward all, he did begin to kidnap, torture, and kill before he began to have hallucinations. point after he seemed to have an understanding that what he was doing was night and he was disconnected and didnt really care if he lived or died. He believed he was doings Gods work but stated that he was unsure as to why he really did the things he did. May be his rough past had something to dowith turning him into the monster he become. But, can we ever really know? It truly is a alarming thought because many believed he was just an amazing, caring father who was very kind and polite not the monster he really was. It just goes to show that appearances can be dangerously deceiving.SourcesAnderson, S. E. (n.d.). The Crime and Trial of Albert H. Fish Divine Hunger. Retrieved September 29, 2012 from The African American Experience Web investhttp//testaae.greenwood.com/doc_print.aspx?fileID=C8336&chapterID=C8336-618&path=books/greenwood Bardsley, M. (n.d.). Albert Fish. Retrieved September 29, 2012 from TruTV.com Web sitehttp//www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/ ill-famed/fish/index.html CrimeLibrary.com (n.d.). Albert Hamilton Fish. RetrievedSeptember 29, 2012 from Murderpedia Web sitehttp//www.murderpedia.org/male.F/f/fish-albert.htmJenks, A., & Johnson, G. (n.d.). Albert Hamilton Fish. Retrieved September 28, 2012 from Radford University, psychology Web site http//maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Fish,%20Albert%20_2008,%20spring_.pdf Kitaeff, J. (2011). Forensic Psychology. Upper Saddle River, NY scholar Hall.

Women Are Still Treated as Second Class Citizens

Plan For Against Same jobs, paid little Able to do whatsoever jobs, but not cut-throat Traditional mint do to a greater extent jobs than before S&S Higher jobs prevail by manpower Hard for workforce to be accepted in womens jobs too Old boy network Dangers for women Glass cap Religion Just indispensableness to be interpreted seriously Women salve first on crashes etc Exam results Stay-at home dads Not cling-at-home-dads as they back earn more than money The Old boy Network? injure Frequency For Women. Ladies and Gentlemen I believe that it is time for change. Change not and to the pecking order but to opinions as a whole. Read this with an open mind, as I believe that together in unity we can invent womens voices heard over the noises of vacuum cleaners and screaming children. Is in that location any reason for women to still be treated as second class citizens here in the UK?Do their fingers re all told in ally cast off the magic ghost for housewo rk and not hard work? Of course not Everyone knows that women atomic number 18 perceived in this way because of tradition. A tradition that we cannot testamenting not and should not be part of. Just because women used to have to stay at home and look after children, or men did all of the dangerous jobs why should that still be the case? Women have doubtless proven themselves just as capable, if not more, than men in to the highest degree jobs, so why is it still so hard for them to break through that glass ceiling? Many women forget have been in the sentiment where a male colleague earns more than them for doing the exact same job. This is unsportsmanlike treatment and should not be condoned.A friend of mine called Annabelle is an thin banker, the best show up her level of the company, unless she has been repeatedly rejected from a higher positioned job in the company. Each of these times the positions have been accustomed to a male. A coincidence? I think not. She was more exceedingly qualified than these men, and had worked for the company for longer, so why was she overlooked? Has The Old boy network been on the rampage again? Is it because women occupy only 1 in 20 of the top jobs? Will it really come to her loosing her femininity to get the job she really deserves? Women just want to be taken seriously and to get the respect they deserve, yet is seems that most of the time to realise their goals they have to loose friends, and dress or act like men.why is it harder for women to gain the respect of men than the other way around? In a recent survey only 3 out of 50 women said that they would be comfortable being in control of an state of affairs or group of men, yet 42 out of 50 men said they would be comfortable being in control of women. Others will argue that women are the ones that are too scared to break out of traditional placements. There are no jobs that only men are allowed to do, it is just that many an(prenominal) women wont g o into these jobs, as the dangers are too high, or the hours will not let them see their families frequently enough. Women are not cut-throat enough. They do not want to trample on people on the way to the top, as they do not have that sort of mentality.Most men will go to any extremes to cover their dream job. Women can do many more jobs than unconstipated 50 years ago. Their rights have improved tremendously, and now cannot be discriminated against. It is highly hard for men to be accepted into predominantly woman-dominated jobs. It is not something against women, just something that is to be expected if any depend upon is going into the other sexs territory. For example, male nurses are often abused or made fun of because they are not doctors, and women doctors find it hard to be taken seriously by the male doctors. The dangers of some jobs for many women surmount anything else. Men have the physiques to estrain, resist and persist against tough weather, or clayey objects, it is a biological fact that women are generally weaker than men. In many of the religions now observed in the UK the women are treated worse than the men, yet this is their choice. If they did not agree with it, the women could leave the religion, and be treated as equals in the multi-religion society that is the United Kingdom. There are 20% more stay-at-home-dads than 30 years ago. This shows that the women are free to work, and the men can do all of the traditional female jobs. Many women are not taken on at the higher jobs because of the worry of maternity leave.The companies employing them must think of the emerging and the inevitability that at some point most 30-year-old women will want children. Another main point is that women are saved first, along with children, on sinking ships, or crashes. This means that their lives are dress above mens. The fact that men are not generally the parents who stay at home backs up the argument that men will be more likely to be paid mo re, whether it is due to a higher position, or a wider range of jobs open to them. Girls have been outshining boys in the public exams for years now, which shows that they are not only qualified to do the same jobs, but in many cases more qualified.If you think of any type of job that both men and women do, and think of the high-flyers within those jobs you will certainly think of a man. This needs to change. Women will inevitably conserve fighting for their rights we will not tire, we will not falter and we will not fail when it comes to getting what we deserve. Dr. James Macaroni of Oxford University told us that women get more melodyed at work due to the pressure and strain of having to continuously work at the same level, whereas men get breaks within their stress when they get promoted. Do we really want to have women constantly put below men? Should women always stay traditional? So, fellow readers, I ask, why not change the pecking order today? Why detention until it is t oo late?

Safety Regulations in the Petroleum Industry

It is reciprocal knowledge that crude crude and fossil oil bollocks up (LPG) be good sources of energy. pretend that fossil oil did non exist. This simply means that all the technology that has been authentic around vegetable oil will not be thither. To say the least, ontogeny in the energy sector has been greatly enabled by rock oil. As fears of futurity deficit of petrol continue to be entertained by the superpowers, in that respect has been an effort to shift the focus from petroleum to other sources of energy such as solar, hydro electricity, safe nuclear power, bio rock oil among other alternative sources of energy.patronage the fact that petroleum is a precise useful source of energy, it is likewise a very dangerous, volatile and flammable liquid or gas that sack rein havoc if mishandled. base on its volatile and combustible nature, there is every need to up ca-ca a game academic degree of guard duty measures so as to resist explosion and attempt disasters. The petroleum industry has a number of gum elastic regulations often vex by the government that need to be observed. Any organization that handles petroleum oil and gas stack only be certified and allowed to operate afterward satisfying the sanctuary regulations that atomic number 18 specified by the government.The difference of these pencil eraser regulations throughout all countries is minimal because after all the petroleum oil and gas is the same. The base hit regulations govern every activity in the petroleum industry ranging from drilling, refining, transportation (either through road, ship, atm, rail or pipe sop up), packaging (especially for gas) to safety at the premises in which some of the activities take place. This paper seeks to excuse a number of wellness and safety precautions and regulations that need to be posed to by every actor in the petroleum industry (Williamson, 1979).Taking US as our working example, we witness tight safety regulations governing the petroleum industry. These regulations are created and enforced by the Occupational prophylactic and Health establishment (OSHA). OSHA is an agency in the US labor de breachment which was created by sexual relation under the legislation of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSH Act) to set safety standards that will guarantee that workers do not suffer from every kind of work related deaths, injuries or even illnesses.The OSHA agency is aided, in the release of occupational health and safety standards, by the National make up for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) whose main function is to conduct research into the areas that pose safety and heath threats to the worker in the petroleum industry. hostile OSHA, NIOSH does not lie under the US division of labor. Some of these safety standards are explained in the following paragraphs (Joseph, 2006).The regulations governing occupational health and safety are industry specific those that apply to the petroleu m industry are rumpd on the fact that petroleum is flammable, inhalation of petroleum desiccationisationization is dangerous and offensive to health and for those who drill, word picture to natural gas can trigger cancer and the natural gas is poisonous. The first regulation is base on the Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL). This is specifically important because exposure to petroleum vapor is harmful.However, it should be noted that the effects of the exposure depend on the concentration of the vapor and the amount of time adept is in exposure. dream of petroleum vapors can cause nervous effects such as dizziness, headache and even nausea. It can as well cause respiratory irritation. Chronic exposure affects the blood, kidney and the nervous system. Very high exposure can lead to coma and death. Gasoline contains benzene which is a human carcinogen and therefrom the petroleum products that come to contact with the skin may be sorb and eventually may cause skin cancer and myeloid leukemia.Based on these health risks, OSHA released a PEL regulations that specifies the amount of petroleum vapor that petroleum industry workers (especially those working in petroleum refineries) are supposed(a) to be exposed to. Benzene-containing gasoline requires an 8 hour 1ppm with a maximum of 5ppm short term exposure. The other hydrocarbons likewise have their specific exposure limits. The limits are not supposed to be exceeded to avoid health hazards (National Safety Council, 1990). OSHA Personal surety Equipment (PPE) regulations in the petroleum industry require a number of cherishive equipment.Some of this protective equipment includes the use of goggles, face shields and safety glasses to protect the eye and the face from metal or woodwind flying objects, dangerous light or even chemicals. The Fall Protection regulation requires that those working in excavation sites such as petroleum drillers and those laying petroleum tankers and pipelines need to be prot ected against fall by use of guard rails, personal fall systems and safety nets that will protect the workers in an event that they fall.Foot & hand and arm protection is also encouraged through the use of metatarsal guards, special shoes with anti puncture soles and toe shields and gloves ranging from heavy metal to soft cotton gloves respectively. The head, respiratory and other parts of the body are also protected. Each part of the body requires specific protective equipment against a specific hazardous stimulus. Respirators are also part of the OSHA regulations (Olishifski, 1999).According to OSHA 1910134, the employers in the petroleum industry are supposed to provide respirators to the workers to protect them inhaling excessive petroleum vapor which is harmful to their health. This regulation calls for special kind of expression purifying or ventilate supplying respirators depending on the exposure situation. In this way, the worker is protected from vapor in excess of the O SHA PEL. Those working in enclosed premises processing, digging or handling petroleum should either be supplies with respirators or ventilating system of the premises should be maintained at the OSHA regulations.All this is in a bid to maintain the concentration of petroleum vapor in air within the OSHA PEL brackets (Roughton, 2002) When handling the flammable or combustible liquids, OSHA proposes a number of guidelines that must be adhered to prevent fire and explosions. To avoid fire, there is need to prevent accumulation of petroleum in the air in such vapor-air mixture concentration that exceeds one quarter of the least flammable limit. This is achieved by encouraging ample ventilation to avoid this vapor accumulation.Explosions on the other hand are likely to occur due to compress building in tanks holding the flammable or combustible liquid. For this reason, tanks are to be built of heat resistant firebrand, corrosion resistant steel or if built of any material should be bu ilt found on sound engineering designs as per the principles governing the material used. The tanks should also be vented to prevent any possible development of a vacuum or closet which can lead to explosions (Penton/IPC, 1984)The handling of LPG requires that it be smellized so as to enable detect its presence in air to a concentration that exceeds one fifth of the lower flammable limit. The odor should be distinct and easy to detect. However, odorizing is not necessary if it proves harmful if the LPG shall be used for further processing. Odorizing is necessary to prevent fires incase of a natural spring from cylinders and pressure tanks used to hold the gas (because LPG is highly volatile and flammable) because one is able to detect it early and thus take remedial measures.Regarding the cylinders that hold the LPG, one is not allowed to carry out any welding on the shell, head or any section of the pressure container. This is to prevent mishap of explosion of the container due to welding. Further, any fittings shutoff valves and any accessories fitted to the LPG pressure container should meet the 250 p. s. i. g pressure specifications. The shutoff valve should not be made of cast iron because of its less(prenominal) resistance to fire and heat. Incase of heat or fire, the valve is likely to have a fit or open leading to a wetting and hence fire or explosion.All these specifications are for safety purposes to avoid possible leakage from the pressure containers holding LPG. Areas with high temperatures require lower vapor pressure LPG in a high pressure container so as to prevent the opening up of safety valves as a result of the high temperatures. The OSHA regulations governing the petroleum industry are very diverse and go down to greater finer details. Despite all that the bottom line is the fact that these regulations were set to protect the workers and even the consumers of products originating from the petroleum industry.If these safety and health regulations are followed to the letter, it will lead to a high degree of safety in the petroleum industry. As said earlier, petroleum is a very important component in the energy sector development only posses a great danger to health and property if no handled with sustentation (Olishifski, 1999). Any organization under the petroleum industry needs to adhere to these rules to avert any possible disaster that can result if the regulations were not adhered to. However stiff the regulations may be, for safety purposes, they need to be followed.The OSHAs regulations have often been criticized by the petroleum industry players for lacking practicability. The department of labor under which the OSHA agency exists should set out modalities of working most with the industrys stakeholders to encourage a health and safety horticulture among the key players in the industry. If the regulations seem to be expensive and the specifications too frequently specific, then OSHA has no alternative than to liaise with engineers and some other professionals so as to supply the equipment and services which are compliant with the safety and health specifications to the ministry players.

Refugee Blues Essay

The speaker is talking to someone My dear (perhaps his wife), the linguistic process and tone is real conversational. Each stanza intensifies the situation in the poem. The first stanza brings prohibited that the refugees are homeless. Though there are millions in the city every(prenominal) of whom have some kind of home but the refugees have nowhere to go. In stanza 2, the couple cannot stay in their country. It compares two living concourse with the old yew tree. Officially dead means you cannot make passport. This section tells us how the refugees are trying to get economic aid.The refugees cannot leave the country due to deprivation of passport and hence they are described as officially dead, though they are indeed alive. The refugees are treated coldly by the committal and council. They are politely pushed aside but no real help is offered. At the public meeting the speaker demonises the refugees as thieves. This is made to heat ordinary people to hate Jews. A metaphori cal storm breaks oer the whole of Europe continent as hitler sentences them to death. The tone of the final stanza is very bitter.The comparisons that the poet uses are testimony to these Pet animals are treated fail hence Jews. eg saw a Door opened and a cat permit in Fish are free and Birds are free, Poet blames nazi authorities for creating an environment in which natural things act far much better than humans. The poet further uses cruel contrast. For e. g. he has a dream of a grand building with many rooms for everybody except Jews. In the final stanza the poet enlightens a brightening future for the Jews but now Jews are hunted down by 1000s of people.

Admitting diagnosis: Egtopic pregnancy Essay

boss Complain The patient of presents in the taking into custody this morning, complaining of disappoint type AB pain. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS the patient states that she has been having vaginal release much than like spotting over the recent month, she denies the chance of motherliness although she states she is sexually active and using no birth control. Gynecologic History longanimous is graved to par 1 abortus 1. her only child is a stratum out of date 15 year oldish daughter who lives in Texas that lives with her grandmother. PAST checkup HISTORY Positive for hepatitis BPAST SURGICAL HISTORY Pilonidal vesicle removed in the remote past, has plastic surgery on her ears child. hearty HISTORY Married, has 1 daughter, patient works as a replacing teacher, smokes 1 pack of cig arettes on a daily basis. Denies EtOH. Smoked marijuana last night, no iv drug abuse. ALLERGIES TetanusMEDICATION no(prenominal)REVIEW OF SYSTEMS patient complains of lower abdominal pain for the past week. apparently got much worse last night, and by this morning wasnt tolerable. She is as well as having some nausea and vomiting, denies hematemesis and mel She has had vaginal spotting over the past month with questionable vaginal discharge as well. denies the frequency, urgency and haematuria and denies arthralgia. Review of systems is otherwise essentially negative. PHYSICAL EXAM Vital signs lay down temperature 97 degrees. pulse 53 respirations 22. blood pressure 108/60. GENERAL physical exam revels a well developed, well nourished 35 year old white female is the moderate substance of distress the clipping of the examination, HEENT are all remarkable except poor indentation. neck is kooky and supple. CHEST Lungs are clear in both dramatic arts. HEART constant rate and rhythm. ABDOMEN soft just now positivetenderness of her lower abdominal theater of operations. Fundus was not palpable. above the pubic area. unexpended field andexal are more than tend er than the right. VAGINAL The cervix is closed. a moderate amount of motherapulient vaginal discharge is noted. the patient wouldnt allow me to perform a handed examination due to her pain. so the speculum was withdrawn. EXTERMITIES No clot or edema. NUEROLOGICAL-in tact urea x3, no nuerologica defictest. DIAGNOSTIC Dr. on admission hemoglobin 12.8 grams, hemaocrit is 36.6%. water supply analysis is essentially negative. beta hcg is positive wit the white corpuscle count of 23,278 RADIOLOGY Pelvic ultrasounds shows a 7 week 4 day off viable ectopic motherhood per radiologist. the patient was assumption Demerol 25mg and Phenergan 25mg iv for the pain after her report was obtained. she was similarly given Claforan 1 gram iv, I paged Dr. Gerald GYN, physician as soon as they standard the ultrasound report at around 10 am he was not in his north Miami mail service.I paged the south Miami office and reached Dr. Gerards office at approximately 1015am. his office personnel advise d me that he is not on call, Dr. Vonbeck is on call. I spoke with Dr. Vonbeck at approximately 1025 am and she result be here to take the patient to the operating room. ADMITTING DIAGNOSIS Left Ectopic 1st trimester maternity. The patient received and iv of lactated ringers upon the arrival in the emergency room. This was convention saline while we were awaiting Dr. Vonbecks arrival. The working(a) procedure was explained the patient and her husband all the risk and benefits were discussed. Then assessing in immediate surgery and informed consent was signed. no old records are available for review. Dr McClure end dictation.rosemary Bumbak dictating aOPERATIVE REPORT patient of Name Brenda C. SeggermanPatient ID 903321Date of adit 03/27/2012Date of cognitive operation 03/27/2012Surgeon rosemary Bumbak, MDAssistant Michael Gerard , DOanaesthetist General and tracheal by Dr. AvalonEstimated Blood Loss approximately 1000ml inevitable transfusion of 2 unitsof whole blood. archet ype removed portion of odd fallopian tube containing the ectopic pregnancy. Preoperative Diagnosis leftover tubectoipc pregnancy surgical Diagnosis1 rupture let tubal ectopic pregnancy2. Hemoperiteoneum3-pelvic adhesionsSurgical Procedures1-exploratory laperotomy2-partial salpingectomy3-evauation of hempopatium4-lisis of adhesionsProcedure in detail The patient was prepped and draped in the usual manner and placed under adequate general anesthesia, Pfannenstiel boodle was preformed and carried through skin and subcutanous tissue, fascia and peritoneum. the paritenial cavity was entered. the hemoparituim was noted, and approximately 500 ml of blood was rapid evacuated from the pelvic cavity, as were large cloths, following this, the gut was packed away the pelvic area with packing lapse. A retaining retractor was introduced. The left fallopian tube was noted. A large tubalectopic pregnancy was noted effecting approximately the distal half of the fallopian tube. Following this Hea ney fix was placed and the mesosalpinx cell and another curver clamp was paced in the proximal aspect of the left fallopian tube beyond the area of ectopic pregnancy. A patial salpiingectomy was preformed. removing the portion of the left fallopian tube containing the ectopic pregnancy.Heaney clamps were replaced with sutures with 1 micro. Hemostasis was checked again and no bleeding was detected. Further voiding of blood and blood clots was then preformed. the right fallopian tube was noted to be covered with adhesions both tubular variatand tubal uterine The adhesions were then aggressively lysed freeing the right fallopian tube. Hemostasis was checked again. No bleeding was detected. pocket-size cirrhosis abrasion was noted was noted where the area of the ectopic pregnancy was apparently attached to the bowel and not bleeding and was very superficial. haemostasia was checked and no bleeding was detected. The peritoneum was closed continuously was homeochinoc suture. The facsi a was approximated was inntrupted withfigure of 8 stitches of micro and the skin was approximated with staple gun. The patient tolerated the procedure well and left the operating room in satisfactory condition. All counts were correct. Blood freeing was estimated at 1000ml which was replaced with 2 untis of whole blood while in recovery. Rosemary Bumpbak, MD OBGYNDIAGNOSTIC REPORTDr Donna Harrison dictationPatient Name Brenda C. SeggermanPatient ID 903321Date of Admission 3-27-2012ER Physician Alex McClure MDTransvaginal ultrasound on 3-27-14Patient History Serve left pelvic pain mold out ectopic pregnancy. Pregnancy test is positive. Findings-transabdominal imaging demonstrates utures with small amount of fluid within it Psudodecidual sign. There is a large amount of bleeding seen within the left adnexa. no embryo is seen. The right ovary is unremarkable Endovaginal examination was performed in searched of viable ectopic. One is seen with crown length with 1.3cm corresponding to 7 weeks and 4 days. A large amount of free fluid is seen, esooudo gestuational sackful is noted within the uterus which is oblong. IMPRESSION A left sided ectopic pregnancy is found with large amount of bleeding is noted and extending into the cul-de-sac the hemorrhage measures 13x6x10cm. Dr. McClur and the emergency room was notified which notified the surgeon and is on her way, end of report Dr Harrison.(Contiuned)_________________________Dr. Donna HarrisonNNEFD 3/27/2012T 3/27/2012Please rate a copy of this report toRosemary Bumbak, MD OBGYNDISCHARGE epitomeRosemary Bumbak, MD OBGYNPatient Name Brenda C. SeggermanPatient ID 903321Date of Admission 03/27/2012Date of Discharge 03/30/2012Admitting Diagnosis ectopic pregnancySurgical procedures1-expoloratory laparotomy2-partioal salpingectomy3-evacation of hemoparitoneum4-lises of adhesionsComplication-blood loss requiring transfusion x2History This 35 year old white female Gravida 3 para 10121 had her last menstrual cycles/se cond in early January. Prior menstrual cycles had been regular. She reported no contraceptives but not attempting pregnancy. Patient presented to the emergency room complaining of vaginal bleeding with pain in lower pelvic area. ultrasound preformed in the emergency room showed a 13.8 cm left adnexall mass with positive cardiac activity compatible with ectopic pregnancy. Hospital Course On 3-27-2014 the patient underwent exploratory laparotomy, left partial salpingectomy, evacuation of hemoparitoneum, and lyses of adhesions. Blood loss was approx 1000ml and was replaced with transfusion of 2 units of red blood cells the blood type was noted to be ORH negative and RhoGAM was provided. The patient was discharged on post operative on day number 3 on after having a ruler bowel movement she was discharged with complaints on no medications. She understood her instructions regarding follow up, wound care and limitations Rosemary Bumbak ,MD OBGYNPATHOLOGY REPORTBerry J Lzano, dictation fo rPATIENT NAME Brenda C. Seggerman.PATIENT ID 903321Date of Admission 3/27/2012Surgery 3-27-2014Admitting diagnosis Ectopic pregnancySurgeon Rosemary Bumback, MD OBGYNPathological Findings 03-s-965 specimen received 3/27 specimen report 3-320 Procedure left partial salpingectomyThe patient has a ectopic pregnancy as proven by pelvic ultrasound. tissue received left fallopian tube. GROSS PATHOLOGY desc examination of designated left fallopian tube reveals a left fallopian tube measuring 6cm in length and 2.3 cm in normal width. Sectioning of the tube reveals a distending of the tube with blood clot and possible field tissue. reprehensive sections are places in 1-c for embedding MICROSCOPIC Microscopic examination was preformed

Classwork

Explain how flexible ability washbasin be created in each of the following situations (a) a local library, (b) an office-cleaning value, (c) a skilful support powerless(prenominal). Local library It has some flexible cognitive content regarding the entire building, but there are some options that It tail assembly be changed in order to make It more flexible. The building or the alter place capacity cannot be changed. HER capacity can be cut or substituted In rush hours with online self-lending machines.It would save payroll cost for the library and time for the customers. Office-cleaning service ( outcome of cropers, equipment, technology,) In this case we should focus on those times when the demand is higher than the capacity. If there is too much work and we guide limited numbers of workers than we should hire part time, cross-train workers In rush periods. tho we should ask the employee to time their day-offs after these periods. Also a possible theme could be to de velop the skills of the workers (cleaning speed etc. And as well as a technical breeding would be also recommended to buy new equipment with which they can work faster but at the same level of preciosity. Support helpless (number of lines or helpless) The main capacity what can be influenced is the number of helpless. It is unfeignedly important for muckle to wait not too much time. The number of helpless can be Increased In order to overturn waiting times In lines. Also a technological development would be necessary If there are so simple questions, which can be answered by an automatic machine then it would be reclaimable to introduce some self-servicing machines.This option would save HER costs for the smart set and also waiting times for the customers. 2. Identify some specific examples of companies in your corporation (or region) that significantly change their product and/or marketing mix variables in order to encourage patronage during periods of low demand. (5 points ) Restaurant happy hours close to restaurants in Pecs have offered happy hours meals with some snubs. It federal agency that In those periods of the day when there are low level of demands between 10-11 am and 3-5 pm.Bakery one of the major bakery chains In Pecs offers discount on In products each day before the closing time. It means that you can buy each product for half price. Swimming pocket billiards The swimming pool of the university has Introduced discounted tickets for the university students in those hours, which are out of the rush hours. It is a perfect opportunity for the students to do some sports and also a nigh revenue generator I OFF Energy generating companies offer cheaper null for companies through the night in those hours when the average consumption is much less than through the day. . Select a service organization of your choice and point its particular patterns of demand with reference to the checklist provided on slide 14. A) What is the nature of thi s service organizations approach to capacity and demand management? We choose the Menages solarium comp whatever at Razorback Street, Pecs. Usually demands are lower in the summertime and it is also fluctuating within a week. Weekend demands are usually higher than the weekdays one. In their communication they focus on seasonal differences in term of the volume of the sunshine.It is a common thinking, that people with browner skin warp are more attractive. B) What changes would you recommend in relation to its management of capacity and demand and why? In our opinion the company should make a shift in its communication in order to reach wider or different customer segment. For example for those who work through the summer, or working(a) till evening, or people who dont have a good self-conceit the company should offer special opportunities to make use of the service. If they can achieve these people as well, they can improve the usage of the capacity.Therefore the demand level would be smoother for the firm. They also can lower their prices before lunchtime to physique the demand. 4. Give examples, based on your own experience, of a reservation formation that worked really well, and of one that worked really badly. Identify and evaluate the reasons for the success and misfortune of these two systems. What recommendations would you make to both firms to improve (or further improve in case of the good example) their reservation systems? (10 points) In the summer we were abroad and we uncommunicative a cruise.When we send the first inquire email, we immediately receive a personal get together person who helped us during the whole reservation process. If we had any problem, we could ask about everything, and our problem was solved. When we wanted to reserve the chosen room, our contact person suggested us a better option for the same price. So we could get the best option, and we were informed about everything. Kodiak Centre It often happens that 2 or mo re tickets are sold for one seat at the concert hall.If there are not free places available it causes restless guests and bad reputation for the place. The reason is people can buy these tickets in many another(prenominal) places in Pecs and online too. They are not able to fit out and check the sold tickets, sometimes they dont know before the concert how many guests will arrive, how many tickets are available and for which places. A common involvement system would be necessary to solve the problem. All ticket offices should use this to centre would be able to

M1 Analysing different types of business information and their sources Essay

Verbal teachingIt is grand that Detica uses literal communication, mainly because they ar a big engine room based organisation. Detica uses a hierarchy structure that is like a grasp of communication. This is the way a business communicates through different departments. This sum that if the invitee doesnt communicate with each other the chain go away be broken, this shag cause difficultys and result in tasks non getting completed.The favor of verbal training is that it is easier than written and on- interpenetrate randomness, this is because when you use verbal you argon fit to understand every detail that is being said by the speaker. In Detica they use verbal information in conflux with staff and customers, this is an favor for customers as they get to ask staff questions just in consequence they want to clarify aboutthing or if they didnt understand the instructions clearly. With verbal information you get to communicate more effectively when in meeting and co nferences.Verbal information does have its disadvantages, such as language barriers. spoken communication barriers lav effect verbal information because the other person whitethorn non speak English or they skill have an accent. This shell of language barrier preempt cause poor communication amid the staff in Detica and the customer.Written informationWritten information has its advantages that atomic number 18 used in a technology organisation like Detica. This fiber of information may be used in memos, contracts, instructions or when writing nones, by doing this they are able to refer back to it and contain the information so that they understand it clearly. This can help Detica when they are lot a client who may non understand English properly, because they entrust be able to give them written feedback that is clear and easy to read. either the same thither are disadvantages such as typos and unclear instructions. Written information can sometimes be misleading if a word is spell off the wrong way, this can also be misunderstood if the instructions are in the wrong order or not sent out in a clear way. This can be a problem for the staff in Detica because if they receive a set of an instruction that is not clear or doesnt have enough information they will not be able to follow the steps properly. multimedia system informationThere are advantages to multimedia information as it can be very user friendly, its easy to use as all the you have to do is watch the video or listen to the audio. Multimedia information is suitable for everyone ranging from a large audience to an individual. There are also disadvantages that can affect the way multimedia is sh avouch, for example if at that place is too much information it can make it harder to get the important message across to the viewer.On screen informationOn screen information such as presentations can give the talker some assistance when presenting to staff and clients. Presentations are easy to use because they can be projected or played with media player when it being viewed in person, this means its easier for staff and clients to understand information when figures and statistics are being explained. PowerPoints allow a large measuring of people to view it and can be sent through email.The disadvantages of on-screen information is that if the presentation is too coherent people may get bored and is likely to not be interested. Also the creator has to make sure that the information that is being presented makes sense. meshwork based informationWeb based information is good for move presentations via the internet to help people connect. This is a visual element that can consist of images and examples that the viewer can read through at their own pace. so far some people may find that they are not able to access this type of web based information because they might need to install a copy of Microsoft PowerPoint in order for them to get a line it. Also if the online presentation is too immense the viewer may not look through the rest of the information.External sourcesThe advantages of this are that the information has been already published. For example the government are able to publish statistics that is supplied from the office of subject field statistics. When collecting research externally it is an advantage because it can allow the police detective to gain advanced knowledge as well as facts.However there are disadvantages to external sources because it can take a long time to find out information if its coming from alfresco the business, also some of the information thats published may not be reliable enough and could be false.Internal sourcesThis is good because there are a variety of sources within Detica, for example finance, sales and valet resources department. Collecting internal information on Deticas marketing can show their results that have been undertaken by the organisation, to see if they have had a succeeder in any m arketing activities.The disadvantages of this are that it requires a lot of boldness work to be done in a short amount of time.

Labour Party to socialism Essay

Explain the ideas and policies which link the modern turn over company to communism. (10 marks) Socialism is the economic system based on cooperation kind of than competition of businesses which utilizes centralized planning and redistribution of riches. Industry is state owned and hence companies have government monopolies on them which results in no competition. Industries are redistributed though the state to achieve a fairer society. Traditional grok de stipulationine were indeed a form of socialism as some of their nerve center values include a large welfare state, mild redistribution of wealth through valuees and social mobility. Socialism was founded in 1789 if the modern day Labour party had the alike ideologies as those of the original socialist politicians then it would be considered a far right party in todays political spectrum.Since its origins, the principles of socialism have evolved into many different forms of itself to make it matched with society. Ther e are many links to many differing forms of socialism two traditional and modern in todays Labour party. republican socialists i.e. Labour believe in Equality of opportunity this means that everyone has the same opportunities to maximise their potential and accomplish high positions in life no matter what their background or ethnicity, for example a labourers child can become a lawyer or politician if he/she desires and they will not be discriminated against. This is still one of Labours core values, therefore linking to traditional socialism.Another concept of representative socialism is the redistribution of wealth an example of New Labour doing that is increasing the standard in social housing estates, or the introduction of the windfall tax which raised ?5billion to set up the New Deal which helps the long term unemployed back to work through training and employment, thus large opportunities to those who previously didnt have the skills to generate their own wealth. Traditi onal socialism wants radical constitutional reform e.g. democratise institutions such as the rest home of Lords. New Labour does want constitutional reform such as the de-centralisation of power and mild House of Lords reform e.g. it is elected not inherited. So therefore shows that Labour does still have socialist values.

Manufacturing Technology Essay

The automated systems was best said on my end. Transfer machines, mobile phone phones and other automated devices ar single-valued functiond to influence a conference establishment upon anyone. Its every ab come in producing faster and having more readiness in the industrial world. They also help reduce appeal such(prenominal) as a bank you yield ATMs quite than having a clerk or 2 handling your withdrawals and deposits. You also admit development of apps. These apps can take pictures of your checks and deposit them from on that point. Also manage your accounts with transfers and payments. Its claimed that many pitying interactions really dont require the human touch perception to it, which is true. Transfers of virtual products and or cash dont collect to be manually human handled. The obligate has been developed this year, which defiantly result have a fair and accurate perspective on the manu eventuring engineering science that we have in mind now.Timings, R., & Wilkinson, S. (2000). Manufacturing engineering (2nd ed.). 1061-2890, Harlow, Essex Longman.In this accommo season we place crosswise specific detail about percentage-wise wholes in how much cost were reduced at the epoch of the startup in manufacturing applied science. It claimed that all manufacturing engineering orders dropped 20.4% at the start of its creation and then suddenly rose 9.8% later(prenominal) that year. Every year since then theres been a 3% up raise since the start of it all. Having it beingness written 15 historic period ago I am heavily against this book, just due to the fact of how much our engineering science has advanced. The book shows how transfer machines are being held against in the workload and reducing the efficiency of work from its employees which is just a braggart(a) key factor in communication. With the advancement in technology this has got to be a joke. Al more or less all technology is secure in touch screen adaptations, faster ram p rocessors, and larger memories to keep companies moving and cost efficient.Blaedel, K. L. SciTech Connect Manufacturing Technology. SciTech ConnectManufacturing Technology. USDOE, 1 Feb. 1997. Web. 20 Jan. 2015. This set article claims that there are 4 projects that led to the main movement of manufacturing technology. It details scarce how they got to developing such a vast movement at the time which we could easily set apart from our age having it being published everywhere 10 years ago. It shows exactly how to develop an understanding of fundamental double-dealing process.Heap, J. (2004). Inter national Journal of Productivity and Performance care (Vol. 57, pp. 156-176). Bradford, England Emerald Group. This book had several findings of out SMEs had an early development progress against productivity and performance management throughout different AMTs. It shows the different effects in management and what manners they had at the time to reduce operation costs and team effici ency.Acquisition of Manufacturing Technology. (2013). MENA Report, Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/docview/1419103734?accountid=27203Throughout this article we the write to go out what acquisitions were voluminous to establish the different types of manufacturing technology in our more recent industry. Our updated technologies have claimed to make our recent years more cost efficient and racy by over 150% I am all up with this article because it has its cited facts and its only 2 years from our current date, so this would be my most supported article just due to the date it was created.Milgrom, P., & Roberts, J. (1990). The Economics of Modern Manufacturing Technology, strategy, and organization. The American Economic Review, 511-528. In this scholarly article, we select the economics of modern manufacturing and what came with the update at the time and how it was processed and underwent a revolution. The scholarly article stated that the ma ss production model is being replaced by a vision of a flexible multiproduct firm that emphasizes timber and speedy response to market conditions while utilizing technologically advanced equipment and hot forms of organization. This was the start of a juvenile branch in observing what could be replaced and updated with technology. I do enjoy seeing the central difference of how technology has shaped the workplace with time.Doms, M., Dunne, T., & Roberts, M. J. (1995). The Role of Technology Use in the survival and Growth of Manufacturing Plants. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 13(4), 523-542. In this scholarly article, we beget to distinguish the relationship mingled with principal strength, how we use to come across the usage of manufacturing technology and what growth rates it came with. It stated that the main findings at the time had a mindset of higher progression rates against technology would have a far less development and production failure.Tracey, M ., Vonderembse, M. A., & Lim, J. S. (1999). Manufacturing Technology and Strategy Formulation Keys to Enhancing Competitiveness and Improving Performance. Journal of Operations Management, 17(4), 411-428. When access across this article we see how the main set of technology was set and how that generation at the time had evolved it into a more competitive and fitter implement. As stated, Linear Structural Equation Analysis results show that the relationships between a firms practices in these two areas and its competitive capabilities are found to be statistically significant and positive, which shows me they had their own strategical role in which they followed to test out their performance and which ways they could use to improve the marketing satisfaction.Shepherd, D. A., Mcdermott, C., & Stock, G. N. (2000). Advanced Manufacturing Technology. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 11(1), 19-33. doi10.1016/S1047- 8310(00)00019-5 We come to the instruction of AMTs and h ow their benefits improved our workload and consumer satisfaction. This article shows the specific studies in how AMTs were tested and outweighed the beneficial manufacturing firms in all over the world. The flexibility and higher efficiency claims from them outsourced many operational downfalls to allow advantage across the marketplace. Cho, K. (1993). Manufacturing Technology in Korea. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 12(3), 216-222. doi10.1016/0278-6125(93)90331-M driven across this article we have a different perspective having most of us live in the United States.With 32 set studies across this article it has been set that they have had an establishment of implementing local manufacturers across the nation with the support ofeducational programs in technology and engineering. A different set perspective against the U.S. showing us how other countries had a different design with maintaining manufacturing technology. Anonymous. (2011, ). TECHNOLOGY MANUFACTURING HEALTH CARE. Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL) This article was interesting to me to see the perspective of how manufacturing technology affected the health care industry.With 2 vernal hospitals opening up in other countries, hospitals have set out ads over the radio and television to help drivers understand the dangers of texting while hotheaded and the rising amount of drivers ending up in the hospital from being distracted croupe the wheel. I did enjoy reading this because I do commute 80 miles a day to work on the highway and easily see how much people are distracted behind the wheel. I wouldnt know this new advancement in technology has caused such an uprise in car accidents, enough to open new hospitals around the world.

Culture and Health Essay

A persons heritage encompasses the full scene of inherited traditions, piety, and culture. It can influence the activities and behaviors that item-by-items draw from. Heritage is something that can concur a sense of who, what, where and how a person fits into a society and develops everywhere time. Heritage can be a sense of identity that is precious by a single person or embarrass a wider group of single(a)s. Many times a heritage is something that is passed d give by the generations. Health traditions can be a very all important(predicate) subroutine of a ethnic heritage.This paper willing be discussing the intentionfulness of applying a heritage prizement in evaluating the ineluctably of the whole person. Second, this paper will review information collected through interviews from triad families each from a variant culture. This section will address the differences in wellness traditions surrounded by the contrary cultures, including health maintenance, healt h certificate, and health restoration. The three cultures being discussed include Chinese, Hispanic and American.The American heritage is that of the informants and will focus on the beginnings religion of Mormonism. Common health traditions will be identify and how families subscribe to these traditions and practices will be discussed. The goal of this paper is to allow for a greater get wording of the heritage assessment tool, how health traditions may neuter in other cultures and how families subscribe to traditions and practices. People pitch a different heathen heritage that effects their beliefs and traditions. It is important to pry each individuals different heritage.Rachael Spector created the Heritage Assessment Tool, a questionnaire utilize to assess an individuals heritage. When describing this tool it states, This set of questions can be functiond to investigate a given endurings or your get ethnic, cultural, and religious heritage. It can help you to perf orm a heritage assessment to get wind how deeply a given person identifies with a fact tradition. It is most useful in setting the stage for understanding a persons health traditions ( ethnic, 2012, sec. 3) The heritage assessment tool helps to determine ones ethnic, religious and ultural background. When showing sensitivity to a patients culture it can create a good affinity with them. Understanding the culture of a patient is important for the keep so as to provide c be that fits the patients health traditions. at once beliefs and culture are identified a nurse can respect those cultures and give culturally appropriate care to the patient. People come from different cultures with different heritage traditions, especially when dealing with health. Nurses have to respect these cultural diversities.By using a heritage assessment a nurse can understand the needs of their patient. A persons cultural heritage, religion, and /or beliefs, greatly influences a persons response to che ckup care and their health traditions (Spector, 2009). When looking at health heritage, one needs to look at tralatitious health methods used to maintain, protect, and restore health. These three methods have been described as follows, Health maintenancethe traditional beliefs and practices, such(prenominal) as daily health-related activities, diet, exercise, rest, and clothing, used to maintain health.Health protectionthe traditional beliefs and practices about what should be done on special occasions or on an ongoing basis for health protection, such as sustenance taboos and wearing amulets. Health restorationthe traditional beliefs and practices concerning the activities, such as the use of folk remedies and healers, that must be used to restore health (Cultural, 2012, sec. Selected Cultural Care Terms). Three individuals from different cultures have been interviewed to discuss their views on these health methods based on their heritage and traditions.Those three cultures inclu de Chinese, Hispanic, and American. In the Chinese culture, the people weigh that herbs and tea are essential in the better and maintaining of ones body. To help with health maintenance many people in the Chinese culture will clean using herbs. To promote health protection different tea can be drank to prevent different illnesses, for practice ginger tea can help prevent the flu. Chinese individuals may use different tea to help fight an illness, they believe herb tea tea can help restore health after a bad cold or cough (J.Chen, personal communication, February 28, 2013). When it comes to health the absolute majority of Hispanic culture are very strong believers in their religion. a great deal Hispanic families come from a Catholic faith and have a strong belief in God and prayer. In the Hispanic culture, families are very close and this typically includes the extended family. Some feel that sustainment by family helps with stress and overall happiness, which improves health . When is comes to health they think eating is important and eggs are helpful in health maintenance.They in addition use tea and herbs for healing purposes. Many times Hispanics include their family in health decisions (L. Bayardo, personal communication, February 28, 2013). The last family interviewed was the authors family. The author comes from an American heritage. In America there are so many different types of cultures and heritages. The author feels that his family heritage gains most of its beliefs and traditions from religion. The author grew up a Latter daylight Saint, also known as a Mormon.In the Mormon religion families put a lot of belief in God, prayer, and priesthood blessings for healing and health. Mormons also believe in the use of modern day medicine for health and healing. In order to maintain and protect health Mormons believe in healthy eating habits, healthy living habits and abstaining from drugs, alcohol and coffee. Mormons have standardised health habit s and traditions to many Americans with other religions. Based on the interviews conducted many cultures believe in having healthy eating habits for health maintenance.It is also shown that different cultures have different ideas of health protection and restoration. These different methods can all be beneficial and should be respected. The different families subscribe to and support their heritage by practicing the things they have been taught and sharing the information that has been passed down. In order to keep traditions vivacious and health habits to be observed and practiced they need to be tacit and respected by the next generation. Heritage and culture help individuals to understand whom they are, where they come from, and what they believe.There are many different cultures, each having different beliefs and values. These beliefs and values contribute to different perceptions on health and illness. By assessing an individuals cultural heritage, nurses can have effective co mmunication and provide meaningful care to their patients. It is important for nurses to not only understand their own cultural practices, but other cultures as well. In order to aver the best care heritage and culture need to be still and respected.

Why Did the Us Enter World War I

Why did the United States enter gentleman contend I in 1917? On June 28th 1914, Franz Ferdinand, the Austrian archduke, and his wife were hit by a Bosnian revolutionary named Gavrilo Princip. This assassination triggered declarations of war. Firstly, this gave Austria a solid ground to attack Serbia. This then led to Russia mobilizing their army in consecrate to celebrate Serbia, which then led to Germany executing The Plan and attacking France through Belgium. The domino effect continued and war broke out due to a mixture of things.Alliances played a great role in the war, as each nations began forming and expanding their militaries. The war was Central Powers vs. Allied Powers. The central powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria and Romania (which changed postures half way through the war). The Allied Powers consisted of France, USSR, The British Empire, Serbia and the USA. The United States initially treasured to stay out of the war mainly because they say that they would be a neutral nation that only acts as a peacemaker.President Wilson declared numerous time that The United States was too proud to fight and would non be enter the war. He alike mentioned that the U. S. would not tolerate all-weather submarine warfare. onward the Statess portal, The U. S-German relations were neutral. They were not oftentimes involved with each other apart from political and labor relations. Americas opinion changed throughout the war after the sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman telegram and because of the European alliances that America was involved with.Americas entry in World War 1 in 1917 was based on a amount of key factors Economics, Retaliation and Pre-emption. Economics .. At the time, the US had large stinting investments with the British and French. If Germany was to win the war it was not clear what would happen to those investments. protect France and Britain was therefore in a way protecting their investment. If the U. S. joined the war, their absolute military shoves, especially allied with France, Britain and USSR, would substantially increase the chance of winning.Retaliation cardinal of Germanys great t=strengths was its submarine fleet. By arrogant the seas the Germans would be able to destroy the shipment of arms to the allies. Their prime origin for sinking the Lusitania was the German belief that their were weapons on board. Unfortunately the Germans killed 128 American nationals when they torpedoed the Lusitania. This was a key contributing fact to the US joining the wasr on the side of the Allies two years later. Prevention One of the main reasons for the US entry in to the war even was the Zimmerman Telegram.This was a proposal from Germany to Mexico intercommunicate them to go to war a strikest the U. S. Germany did this in the hope that by keeping the US engaged close to home with a local war, it would be prevented from entering the war in European. . However, when th e U. S. found out about this coded communication which was intercepted by the British,, they saw this as an act of aggression by Germany and in order to pre-emp being drawn in to the war on someone elses terms decided to pre-empt the situation and take matters in to their own hands.Interestingly no one has seen the telegram itself and accordingly some believed that Britain made it up in order to get America involved in the war. The major accusative for U. S. s entry in the war was its wish to have great influence in post-war Europe, especially with their newly acquired economic strength. Even though when America joined World War 1 it was already feeler to an end, their entry did make an impact on the war. In the short term, their entry was a downside as it almost caused German victory.Germany was well aware that the American troops would overwhelm the Germans when they would arrive, so Germany launched a massive offensive to gain victory before America could transport enough troo ps into Europe, however the offensive ended up halting and turning back further outside of Paris. In the long term, Americas entry was an superlative because, as the war was already coming to an end, both sides were exhausted. America was refreshed and ready to fight a war, which helped motivate the Allies. The U. S. brought new equipment and military force which was a gain for the Allies and helped win the war.The U. S. entered the war at the rightfulness time because they did manage to bring fresh troops and new equipment into Europe. Before the Lusitania, America did not have any reason to enter the war. It would besides have been going against their will to be neutral. Their entry did impact positively, however may not have been necessary and did go against their initial plan. It also caused America to make some enemies in Europe, which ended up causation them to be sucked into more European issues. Positively, it also bonded the U. S. with many European nations, which wer e real strong politically and economically.

Labour Economics

Because the coefficient is less than 1, the impairment bouncyity is said to be inelastic. 3. We last that if the price of a product changes, we will see movement on the emend cut back. Name and explain, using an example, three factors that can cause the necessary switch off for labor to supplanting. (3 marks) Factors that cause the demand curve for labor to shift can be the income levels of consumers. When there is an amplification in ones pay their trustfulness will rise which will allow them to want to spend to a greater extent(prenominal) money.The demand of goods and work increase because there is also an increase in their disposable income. Also when there is an increase income just about consumers taste and preferences whitethorn change Just like if there was huge decline in the income (they would prefer to shop on the sale jack). If they do non desex as much money as before the demand for that goods or service will decrease (shift to the left) while they look fo r substitutes (goods or services for a cheaper price).For example, if Katherine gets laid morose from work, instead of buying cleaning agents for their washroom at Shoppers Drug Mart where she normally shops, she would probably rather pick up two bottles of Pine sol for a dollar each at Dollar. Also firms may decrease the hours for their employees or even lay employees off when there is a decline in demand for their goods or services. They would not hire superfluous workers because their receipts may not cover their additional cost. 4.Briefly explain the difference between pay equity and employment equity. (2 marks) indemnify Equity focuses on paying an employee for the value of their work without discriminating against the employees sexual orientation. Whereas employment equity lies under the Human Rights mandate, where one should not be discriminated by their sexual orientation, religion, age, race, and disability. This allows a firms workplace environment to be more(prenom inal) diverse and allowing everyone an fit opportwholey when applying to work for ones company.Labour economics duty unions are also known as Labour unions. It is the association of labor partyers in a particular cope, industry, or company, created for the purpose ot securing Improvements In pay, benefits, working conditions, or social and political status through collective bargain. Its an organization whose social station consists of workers and union leaders who are united to protect and promote their car park interests. What do you mean by Collective negotiate?It is a hold process by which employers and independent trade unions egotiate terms and conditions of employment and the ship canal in which certain employment related Issues are to be correct at national, organizational and workplace levels. It is a collective and a day-and-night process. The principle of give and take has been infused in the principle of Collective Bargaining. It is a proficiency that has been adopted by the unions and the managements to reconcile their conflicting Interests.It is called collective because the employees as a free radical select representatives to meet and discuss differenced with the employer. It is known as argaining because the method of attain an agreement involves proposals and counter proposals, offers and counter offers and other negotiations. Definition of collective Bargaining by Byar & Rue (1991 It Is a process that Involves the negotiation, drafting, administrative and interpretation of a written agreement between an employer and a union for a ad hoc period of time.Collective Bargaining- To Employees- Importance of 1 . CB helps to develop a esthesis of responsibility and accountability among the employees. 2. CB increases the morale and productivity of employees. 3. It helps In securing a spark off and fair settlement of grievances. 4. Effective collective Bargaining machinery strengthens and gives value to the trade union movement. 5. The discrimination and exploitation of workers, If any, Is constantly monitored and addressed. To Management- 1 .It helps in reducing labour problems to the minimum and in maintaining cordial relations labour and management 2. It opens up the channel of communication between the workers and management and so increasing worker participation In decision making. 3. CB helps to create a sense of Job security among employees. . It makes simpler for the management to resolve issues at the bargaining level rather than taking up complaints of individual workers. MINIMUM yield AND FAIR WAGES It Is the lowest prosecute permitted by the law or by a special government.The minimum profit attempts to protect employees from the exploitation, allowing them to concede the basic necessities of life such as clothing, water, food and shelter. The minimum affiance rate fluctuates between countries, and sometimes between states or provinces. tOf3 It must prov10e not only Tor tne Dare suoslstence 0T II Te out Tor tne preservatlon 0T he efficiency of the workers by providing some measures of education, medical care, etc Criteria It must be calculated for a family of 4 units.It must be able to provide 2700 calories per adult per day. It should be sufficient for 18 yards of cloth per unit per annum. There should be a provision for sensitive house rent, light, fuel and miscellaneous circumstances. The Minimum profitss Act, 1948 is an Indian legislation enacted by the Parliament of India for statutory fixing of minimum earnings pay to skilled unskilled labourers. Under the act, a tripartite committee the three-way Committee of Fair Wage was appointed that et definitions and guidelines for formulating a betroth construction in India.The objectives of this act were - To provide minimum return to the workers working in the organized sector. To stop exploitation of the workers by paying them lower fight and making them work for longer hours. To empower the government to take go for fixing the minimum profitss and to revise it in a well-timed(a) manner. A Living lease is a wage that is high tolerable to maintain a normal standard of living. It is not only for the simple(a) essentials for the worker and his family, but also for comfort, protection against ll-health, social needs, etc.Fair Wages refers to wage levels or company practices regarding wages that provide a living wage for workers while still complying with all national regulations (such as minimum wage, overtime payments, provision of paid holidays, etc. ) It is in between minimum wages and living wages, but below the living wage. With a fair wage, employees should be able to maintain a decent standard of living for themselves and their families. CHARACTERISTICS OF Indian LABOUR MARKET The Indian labour market can be categorized into three sectors Rural workersOrganized of the formal sector Urban unformed or informal structure Two-third of Indias workforce is apply in gardening and rural industries. One- third of the rural households are agricultural labour households, subsisting on wage employment. The nonunionized sector has low productivity and offers lower wages even though 94% of Indias working population is engaged in this sector. Wage determination for organized sector- The day, Week and month are the basic units for wage calculation. Normal working week is 5 days (for government) or flipper half days/ six days.Hour is generally not a unit for wage calculation in the organized secotr. Wage determination for unorganized sector- Day is the common unit of calculation for unorganized sector. In certain cases, piece rate wages (it is the pay for each item produced) is in vogue, as well as hourly wages. MODERN possible action OF WAGES The young economists are of the view that Just as the price of a commodity is determined by the interaction of forces of demand and preparation, the wage rate of specific types of workers can also be determined in the same way wit h the help of sual demand and supply analysis.This is why modern surmise is also known as demand and supply theory of Wages. Now the demand for labour is a derived aemana. t I Is aerlvea Trom tne aemana 0T goods wnlcn It produces, on wltn otner factors of production. The marginal tax product of labour (MRP) heart the addition to the firms revenue which it obtains by hiring one additional worker. The entrepreneur will continue hiring workers up to the point at which the cost of employing a worker is Just equal to the marginal revenue product of the labour.Now ue to the law of diminishing returns, the marginal revenue productivity of labour decreases as more and more workers are employed and hence the demand cure for labour is downward sloping. If we add up the demand curves for the labour of all the individual firms, we get the demand curve of the industry which determines the wage rate for labour. Now the supply of labour means the number of workers ready to work at the existing wage rate. contrasted the supply of other goods, the supply of labour cannot be increased with the increase in demand.Under perfect competition, the upply curve of a firm is perfectly elastic and the firm cannot influence the price/ wage. The supply curve of an industry is upwards rising from left to right, this means that an industry can get more labourers at higher wages. Determination of the equilibrium wage level Wage rate is determined by the supply of and demand for labour. Equilibrium wage state is said to be determined at the point where supply and demand are equal. In the fgure below, at point N, the supply curve and demand curve cut eachother. WN is the equilibrium wage rate.

Conflict Management Plan

1. Identify the available impinge management strategies and their strengths and weaknesses.Strategy Strengths Weaknesses CollaborationMakes the police squad stronger while building morale. Ability to problem solve. sharing in responsibility Not sharing same ideas arrests most usual vote Can be time consuming while plan of attack to an agreement CompetitionForces squad to think outside the box for better results Cause police squad members to disagree and never reach a solution AvoidanceRe snapes team to sincere problem Takes personal relishs out of the issue Problem unruffled exist Team relationship becomes taintedAccommodationAllows the team to come to a effect by giving and takingRequires some team members ideas to be put on the back burnerCompromiseAllows team to come to a solution in a timely mannerMay effect team negatively if one member feels they via media more than others2. Which of the available counterpoint management strategies is most appropriate for the ong oing situation with Clyde and Dan? Provide your rationale, including what factors you considered in making your selection. Your response should be at least atomic number 6 words.The most appropriate conflict management dodging for the current situation is collaboration. I feel if both men are brought together to discuss their issues in a non-hostile environment then the real problem will present itself. This will allow both team members to voice their opinions and a resolution set up be offered up.Once the problem is in the open they can focus on how to decompose it. I do this selection because it sounds like maybe it could be a personality conflict with a lot of he said she said. The only way to resolve it is to know what the real problem is. The only way to know that is to assume the men together to talk almost it.3. If the selected strategy is not successful, what is your exchange strategy? Provide your rationale for this selection. Your response should be at least 100 w ords.If the first strategy is not successful then the contiguous option is avoidance. This will force the team members to put their personal feeling toward each other aside so that they can focus on the project. Team members will not always get aprospicient. How they feel about each other can be a problem, but as long as they can put those feelings aside for the betterment of the team then they can focus on the common goal. As long each of the of participating and sharing the performance load the team can be successful.4. What potential road blocks might be encountered in firmness of purpose the conflict? How would you address these? Your response should be at least 100 words.Some potential road blocks is the team members are hell bent on not working together. When every option for resolving the problem has been beat then there may be a need for varied measures. The idea is to keep the team together and focused on the project. If the actions of these 2 menlower the morale of t he team and make it impossible to work together then it is my recommendation both team members be replaced. The focus is the team and the project.

Essay One

He uses Native American symbols such as the tote in his rime to convey the message of how humanity fears spirit and does not care about(predicate) constitution, which leads to various destructions upon it. The common ground between both is that they share the transcendentalist beginning for collarking not to conquer, but rather to live in concordance with it. Thoreau and Snyder both think highly nature and admire its limitless edge and have very strong opinions on how humanity is loosing a thought of self by ignoring the beauty of nature. Thoreau states, When the whole body is one sense, and imbibes ravish done every pore.I go and come with a strange liberty, n Nature, a part of herself (Thoreau 379). He describes a deep connect as he inspects all of the elements around him, L see nothing especial(a) to attract me, all the elements are unusually congenial to me (Thoreau 379). Nature is gratifying therefore he is attracted to everything nature has to offer. Senders appro ach to his connection setting a theme that is centered on the premise that the American government is destroying the environs of their land by deforestation and control of the environment.He stresses how nature is not world protected and ultimately leading to destruction, Who use iron leg-traps n Coyotes (Snyder 1 1). He stresses iron leg traps that kill coyotes the coyotes represent the destruction of nature and its inhabitants. That animals such as the coyote have no where to go at once their home is destroyed, while the supporters of the deforestation continue progressing from area to area in North America. Snyder wants the audience to feel empathy for the environment and the animals living in it through this theme.Thoreau argues how humans are sometimes afraid of nature I view that men are generally still afraid of the dark (Thoreau 380). He reminds the reader that nature is The nigh sweet and tender, the most innocent and that, on that point can be no black melancholy to him who lives in the center of nature (Thoreau 380). While Thoreau has a more than philosophical approach to his commentary of nature while Snyder adds a sense of urgency And the Coyote tattle / is shut a focusing / for they fear / the call / of the wild (Snyder 28-30).Snyder says they fear and behave little attention to the calling and consider its worth less than it is. And they sell their virgin cedar trees / the tallest in miles / TO a logger / Who old them / Trees unspoilt of bugs (Snyder 33-37). The logger is trying to off a bargain for a much(prenominal) lower price on the cedar trees and adds how the Trees are full of bugs (Snyder 37). Senders fierceness on the ironic statement of the logger represents the ignorance of the individuals that do not respect the wild.Both writers help the reader understand how the wilderness is meant to be changing the port people think about the natural world, one can besides change the way they act. Humans can discover a innovat ive way of interacting with the environment through the con mention and sympathy to state of wards stupefy Nature. Thoreau like Snyder also had strong arguments on how family is distracted and is in need for a spiritual awakening which nature can offer. For the most part we allow only outlying and transient circumstances to make our occasions. They are, in fact, the cause of our distraction When I compare mystified other men, it seems as If were more favored by the gods than they, beyond any deserts that I am conscious of (Thoreau 380). He measures his spiritual level on a superior level and considers it a rewarding and a cure experience. l was suddenly sensible of such wet and beneficent society in Nature (Thoreau 380).He reminds society that they can form a cling with nature the way he has and how they will benefit greatly from it. Snyder is more direct with society and targets individuals who reside in the city All these Americans up in special cities in the sky / Dumping poisons and explosives / Across Asia stolon / and next North America (Snyder 57-61 The urban individuals also kill nature and pay no attention to nature and then states, A war against earth (Snyder 62). Snyder implies that human kind is at war with earth.In Solitude by Thoreau and Call of the Wild by Snyder the writers argue similar topics, but the way they each present the topics varies and when analyzing both one can truly see the essence of nature from a philosophical and an activist as puff up an ecological view.

AT&T Case Study Essay

1. IntroductionIn this report we will identify profession risk that AT&T experienced due to their divestiture in 1982. We will conduct our analysis ground on pecuniary concepts, and fin whollyy recommend necessary actions that should see been conducted when the smart desexualise formulated its fiscal policy in 1983. 2. AT&T telescopeAT&T was founded in 1876 by Alexander Graham cost. precedent to the divestiture AT&T had been a force to be reck adeptd with for everyplace a century within the telephone service industry. Before the divestiture the political party served over 80% of the US telecommunications users. The sale of these run took place at their 22 local subsidiaries. AT&T was the largest enterprise in the world with good assets of $137.8 billion and revenue of $58.1 billion. Given the size of the company they had hired a wide- racetrack of 1,060,378 workers. With a total number of 3,055,495 shareholders, where 95.3% held less than 600 shares each. Ever since 188 5 AT&T had continued to pay its dividend to the shareholders, they never trimed the payment. The divestiture that AT&T experienced was a result of an agreement of the Justice Departments antitrust suit against the company in 1982, which required a study rearrangement of AT&Ts crownwork bodily structure.The agreement lead to several(prenominal) put forwards in the structure of the company, and one major transmute that had a probative impact on the company was how they managed their distribution channels. Prior to the divestiture they sold their services through their 22local telephone subsidiaries, the company would now be spun off into seven independent regional corporations NYNEX, (N.Y. scream and New England Telephone), ships bell Atlantic (N.J. buzzer, Bell of Pennsylvania, Diamond State Telephone and four Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Companies), Bell South (South Central Bell and Southern Bell), Ameritech (Indiana Bell, Michigan Bell, Illinois Bell, Wisconsin Bell and Ohio Bell), U.S. West (Mountain Bell, Pacific Northwest Bell and Northwestern Bell), Southwestern Bell (Southwestern Bell) and Pacific Telesis (Pacific Telephone, Nevada Bell).3. Historical Financial PolicyAT&Ts overall pecuniary policy, including keister debt ratio and enkindle coverage, was designed to advance an AAA bond rating, which allowed them to reduce borrowing cost and in adjunct refer sure that funds were available in periods of grim financial dislocation. The dividend policy was relatively conservative for a utility with a target payout ratio of 60% and an actual payout of 58-67%. Their low payout ratio was determined by AT&Ts large capital requirements and the desire to put forward some protection for retaining the stability of dividends. Stockholders re set uped approximately one third of the dividends. overdue to the increased competition and the volatile restrictive climate, AT&T returned to a to a greater extent conservative financial policy. Between late 1970 and 1980 the managers were reluctant to essence to a greater extent equity through sales of beginnings be drive foc use the companys securities industry value was below its book value per share. However, the financial history shows that AT&T allowed investors to purchase new stocks using their current dividends at 95% of current securities industry price.4. Principal ProblemAT&Ts principal problem was not the need to raise funds to pay enthronisations, but whether the debt and equity ratios were appropriate for the new AT&T. This needs to rack up with the companys financial and strategic goals, and be adapted to the grocery store and uncertainties that the company is cladding. AT&Ts strategic goal has been to gratify the potential stockholders categorized as widows and orphans. Widows and orphans are used to describe stocks with a relatively perish degree of harmlessty and a motionless dividend income. collect to changes in the commercialise and uncertaint ies that the company was facing, their strategic goals needed to be changed. The changewas however not reflected in their labyrinthine sense canvass. We will further talk over what led to this situation, and retort a recommendation on the changes that should ingest been do prior to the divestiture in 1984.5. Pre Divestiture Business RiskAs a signification of the governments intervention, the AT&T suit settlement, as well as the shift in the telecommunication industry, it was clear that AT&Ts local telecommunication business was slowly moving away from a monopoly franchise environment. It was moving towards a to a greater extent competitive environment characterized with more consumer choice and greater competition. Companies much(prenominal) as IBM saw the divestiture of AT&T as an opportunity to furnish new telecommunication equipment and services, which would allow them to gain a higher market share. AT&Ts stock had up till so been regarded as a stable utility-type stock because of its steady proceeds and agreeable dividend yield. However, AT&T should have kept in mind that they would not have as much market control in the incoming as they did prior the divestiture, much due to the intensifying competition and regulatory environment changes. Firstly, the antitrust lawsuit followed by a sudden divestiture could cause uncertainties towards the companys future and might change the shareholders perception of AT&T in an unfortunate way. Second, the seven new corporations would be highly independent, and therefore a major rearrangement of the capital structure would be critical.It is ap farm that every corporation would differ in terms of e.g. management de symbolizeor and financial performance. These changes could mean that AT&Ts reputation of being a safe and pro checkerable investment could shift to become more volatile and riskier for its shareholders. Finally, AT&T had relied for a long time on their old and out-dated patents, which include ol d machinery, equipment and plants in auberge to make believe profit. As more and more competitors emerged with new technologies and services, AT&T needed to keep up up with all changes in the market. As a result of the divestiture the R&D was cut back at Bell Laboratories and the development-part was finally intergraded into the Western Electric division. After these changes many a(prenominal) concerns arose relating to the future profitability of Western Electric (WE).Firstly, they were concerned that WE might not be able to attain marketing and product development skills that were vital in operating in thenewly competitive markets. The main under give birthing for this is that the workforce was used to working in a captive market, where competitors were more or less non-existent. Secondly, WEs manufacturing labor force had become unionized at the alike(p) time, as their plants were old. This meant that WE would have to invest in R&D to make sure that their competitors did not exceed them. Their unionized workforce would lead to a considerable increase in salary and WE would have to follow the regulations that were set by the labor union. As a consequence these factors would most promising affect both the degenerates market share and eventually the stock price in a negative way. 6. Analysis and testimony6.1 The New Capital StructureSpin-offs ofttimes provide a preposterous setting to assess various capital structures, because one observes the initial capital structure of a mature firm. In a spin-off, a footslogger is fully divested from a parent and becomes a stand-alone entity. Before this happens, the appurtenant is not able to issue new equity, and is dependent on the parent to finance its capital investments. When the divestiture has occurred, the firms assets are divided mingled with the subsidiaries followed by a new capital structure of the independent firms. The total outstanding debt would be assumed divided between the seven regional operating companies, hence the sharply reduced total debt that is projected in the 1984 eternal rest sheet.There is excessively reason to believe that AT&T chose to reduce $725 million of their total outstanding debt in 1982, which lead to the decline in the debt ratio the same year. When looking at the projected balance sheet one can see that the total debt would be stable at the sum of $9.3 billion from 1983 to 1988, which equals a decrease of $37.8 billon from 1982. However, due to revenue deduction the cost of issuing new debt is lower than using equity. This would mean that AT&T should issue new debt in order to create a balance when financing the investment in R&D, and kinda use more of the companys equity to set up an account with emergency funds that will function as a safety net given the unpredictable times ahead. 6.2 The New distribution PolicyWhen establishing a distribution policy, one size does not fit all. Somefirms produce a lot of funds but have limited inve stment opportunities. This applies for firms in profitable and mature industries where few opportunities for growth exist. Such firms typically distribute a large percentage of their cash to shareholders, thereby attracting investment clienteles that prefer high dividends. AT&T was in such an industry, but after the removal of the monopoly, the market became more volatile. During periods of market volatility, there are investment opportunities if you know where to look. In such markets the firms slackly distribute little or no cash but get laid rising earnings and stock prices, and thereby attracting investors who prefer capital gains. AT&T should have adapted to the changes in the market, which required more financial flexibility and a stronger balance sheet. A strong balance sheet should consist of liabilities that are considerably outweighed by assets. If a company is having problems, the balance sheet (together with the cash flow statement) will tell you whether it can stand t he strain. 6.2.1 Dividend Pay-outAs mentioned above, AT&T has had a steady increase in dividends payout until the announcement of the divestiture in 1982. The company decided to reevaluate the amount of dividends and keep it steady at $5.40 per share. AT&T had been a market leader in this industry for a long time, yet their equipment and patents were old, as they had not invested in R&D development. In order for AT&T to have a stronger balance sheet and become more financial flexible in the face of the divestiture, AT&T should have cut their dividend payout much earlier. The company might have been afraid to cut the dividend since this often gives a signaling effect that the firm does not expect high earnings in the future. However, given that AT&T was forced into this divestiture, changes had to be made. An alternative measure could therefore have been to make a change in the dividend policy. This could be seen as a risky move, yet if communicated in an appropriate and thoughtful way the shareholders might understand that this was necessary for the companys future growth. Another supporting factor is that approximately one third of the dividends payout were reinvested by AT&Ts stockholders, which shows that the current dividend payout was not very inwrought to some of the shareholders. 6.2.2 Repurchase of StockThe firm should also have repurchased stock some years after the dividend cut, to bolster the share price. Repurchase have a tax advantage over dividends as a way to distribute income to stockholders. Repurchase provides cash to stockholders who want cash while allowing those who do not need current cash. Moreover, repurchase announcements are viewed as overbearing signals by investors because the repurchase is often motivated by managements belief that the firms shares are undervalued. Finally, repurchases is a effective way to produce large-scale changes in capital structures. 6.3 New Investment PlanThe company should at the same time start looking for new possibilities and investments in order to overcome these volatile times. An alternative could have been to invest in R&D e.g. by acquiring a small company with the companionship and expertise that were required in order to compete and be sustainable in the industry. By doing so they would expand their workforce with people who had more knowledge about the newer technology and therefore been better equipped when facing the challenges ahead. Not only would this allow AT&T to gain more human capital, but they would also gain newer equipment. It is also said that more good investments will most likely lead to a lower dividend payout, which supports our recommendation of changing the dividend policy. 6.4 Maintaining a Top-Level Credit RatingAT&Ts overall financial policy, including target debt ratio and interest coverage, was designed to maintain an AAA bond rating, which allowed them to reduce borrowing cost and in addition make sure that funds were available in periods of se vere financial dislocation. As mentioned earlier AT&T worked hard to maintain the AAA rating, both through debt ratio and interest coverage. Although it should be celebrated that AT&Ts debt ratio of 43% was close to hang up under the AA ratings. This would have resulted in an increase in average interest cost of 0.7% equal an expenditure of $335.3 million in borrowing cost. establish on this one can conclude that this was a wise ending given the circumstances, and the company should therefore keep their focus on this in the future. A top-level credit ranking will not only give AT&T better conditions when issuing new debt, but also allow them to emerge as a more attractive investment to current and potential new shareholders.ConclusionDue to the antitrust lawsuit and the shift in the telecommunication industry, AT&T needed to ready their financial and organizational strategy in order to adapt to the changing environment. The main purpose of this report has been to identify the ri sk involved with the divestiture, and hold ways to face the challenges ahead. The report recommends a new capital structure policy, where AT&T should issue new debt for further investments rather than using equity. For the distribution policy, dividends should be cut and thereafter consider repurchasing stocks. Furthermore, the company should invest in a R&D through an acquisition of a small high-technology firm that will enable them to gain knowledge and be more innovative. Finally, AT&T should seek to maintain a top-level credit rating to reduce borrowing costs, to assure better conditions when issuing debt and last but not least to be a preferred firm for investors.