Evil and an STN God :: Philosophy of Religion Essays

Evil and an STN beau idealThe job of villainy makes theistics discern a spring for an STN God to allow evil and ache in the world. The basic setup for the occupation of evil is that either a God who is all knowing, all powerful, whole good, eternal, and creator of this universe but separate from it (STN) or evil experiences. Atheists believe that since evil exists then there is no STN God. Theists branch into two categories, either accept in God, but not an STN God or believing that God has a reason for allowing evil into the world. The latter type is a narrow theist and they use a theodicy to lap the problem of evil, the best of which is the ontological defense. However, the ontological defense does not solve the problem of evil. The problem of evil stems from the contradicting beliefs that either an STN God exists or evil exists (93).1 The problem of evil can be expanded into two arguments against the existence of an STN God the logical and the important arguments (93).1 The argument from the logical problem of evil is simple. The basic form of this argument is that if an STN God exists, then evil cannot exist (93).1 Since there is evidence that evil does exist an STN God cannot exist (93).1 The evidential problem of evil is based more on how any greater good can come from the evil (99).1 In the argument from the evidential problem of evil, there are times when an STN God could have prevented intense suffering without interfering with a greater good (99).1 An STN God would prevent any suffering that would not interfere with a greater good and since suffering has occurred that does not interfere with a greater good an STN God cannot exist (99).1 The problem of evil is solely a problem for theists. In order for a theist to keep their beliefs in an STN God they must find a way to solve the problem of evil by using a theodicy (103).1 Or they can change their beliefs so that they no longer believe in an STN God, but provided a God (108).1 The ontologic al defense appears to be the most successful theodicy at solving the problem of evil. This defense essentially says that it is impossible for good to exist in the world without evil. The ontological defense is the strongest defense because it merely puts forth the concept of opposites and does not try to explain any other reasoning for wherefore evil exists or why God puts evil in the world.

His taints and honours waged equal with him? Essay -- essays research

Philo, one of Antonys loyal fri peculiarity and partner in war, has fooln Antony going from one powerful soldier to then abandoning his e very(prenominal)thing about the empire upon meeting Cleopatra. He is not confident into which category Antony fits into. (5.1) Many roles are played by Antony t here(predicate)fore we see different sides of the argument. Antony can claim greatness for serving the needs of his country and his empire as fighter and as a leader. He can be seen as equal as Caesar, as he commits suicide, seen as a honourable thing to do. Antonys once loyal and heroic background totally changes when he comes across Cleopatra. A once great military reader is now in decline due to her charm and bewitching nature. The first mansion house we see this occurring is when Philo says the temple pillar of the world transformed into the strumpets fool (1.1). In differences between Roman and Alexandrian ways of life has a big influence on Antonys demeanour and each view of Ant onys taints and honours very differently. Shakespeare could be seen as using shock tactic to challenge the audiences of the time such as Antonys suicide, which is a grave crime for the Protestant religions of that period. Different audiences will tend to view Antonys behaviour differently.Philo complains that Antony has abandoned the military endeavours. Antony was the military hero and disciplined statesman, but seems to have happily abandoned his reason in order to pursue his passion. He himself says, here I am Antony, yet cannot hold this visible shape (4.14). He, right after this, declares that, let in Tiber melt and the wide arch of the ranged empire string up(1.1) Therefore, at this early stage, on the evidence provided, the audiences have already seen how badly Antony has switched to another side of himself. They now are aware that his taints now far outgo his past honours in Roman eyes. Antony tried very hard to fight the conflict between public duty and private life. Th e fist such example one sees when Antony returns to Rome to fight against Pompey, as Antony describes it, Our quick remove from hence(1.2). This sense of duty creates anxiety for Cleopatra, as in the following purview we see her asking Alexas for his whereabouts, see where he is, whos with him, what he does. Antony falsely marries Octavia, thus bringing in another woman ... .... This will already overhaul Antony a bad name, negative role, and identity. However Shakespeare first designed the play as, a tragedy. By indicating its dramatic genre, the audience will in the end see how Antony can be a hero serving his domain, country people and see to the extent his honourable death.The argument to what extent makes Antony honourable or not is extremely complex, with equal evidence on both sides. Antony as an honourable figure is backed up by his loyal soldiers at the very beginning by his closely followed friends in and out of war, Enobarbus and Philo, who speaks the quote, being two of his most trusted companions and followers. However arguments against Antony is particularly from Cleopatra and Caesars attendants and servants. However Caesar, to a degree, did in full support Antony before his let in Tiber melt, Octavia and his hand to hand combat and in the end, declares this (5.1). So, in conclusion, with the support of Enobarbus his loyal support and in the icy ends of the time scale, Caesar, Antony is very much holds an admirable past rather than his apparent downfallen soldier he was.

Tripmaster Monkey Essay -- essays research papers

Tripmaster brownieWittman uses theatre throughout the book Tripmaster Monkey to get back to his cultural roots and Asian culture. He is trying to pass off himself through theatre and to open up a new avenue for his people. There are numerous examples of this throughout the book as he is committal to composition his play and incorporating the old (legends and myths) with the new (contemporary times).The first significant reference to legend occurs when Wittman is putting his entire nights worth of writing into the incinerator (42). As he does so, he reflects on the arrival of Monkey, Tripitaka and friends at the Western Paradise. They secure the sacred scriptures, and are on their way home to china when curious Monkey takes a peek at the books, only to find that the pages are blank. They return to Paradise to complain, and because their spiritual incapacity makes hem unable to absorb the truths of a blank text, are given pages with writing on them. But it turns out that the Heart Sutras wisdom concerns the emptiness of inherent existence, and the blank text was the right way to express that truth after all. capital of Jamaica is illustrating the frustration Wittman feels at having to put into words the truths that are obvious to him.At another point in the book, Wittman recalls when the Monkey learns his position in Heaven (61). Monkey is ecstatic to have a place in Heaven, an important role to play, but once...

A Look at National Missile Defense :: essays research papers

In the late 1950s, due to the former Soviet married couple successfully launching a satellite into space with the financial aid of a multi-stage missile, the United States then began to address the idea of missile defenses. Soon, both offensive and defensive long-range ballistic missile development would be put on our governments agenda. The objective was simple, to develop a system that could track down any missiles launched at the United States, and eliminate them before they reached their designated targets. Nike-Zeus was 1 of the first U.S. efforts to mount a defense against ballistic missiles. Its concept called for a 400-kiloton nuclear warhead to be detonated when in range with incoming missiles. This design had many flaws, and after several decades of improvements, it was updated during Lyndon B. Johnsons presidency. By this time in 1967, the United States realized it could never stop an all-out attach by the Soviets, and therefore shifted its efforts to defend major c ities from attack. Following the 1969 election of Richard Nixon, the missile defense focus shifted once again, this time to guarding cities with vital military stations. The United States and Soviet Union we now in full-fledged competition to see whose systems would be completed fastest, and with the most efficiency. In 1972, to help curb excessive production of long-range defense systems, the U.S. and Soviet Union signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. This treaty limited both powers to having only two anti-ballistic missile sites. In a 1983 televised nationwide address, President Reagan relayed his thoughts on how the U.S. could take the tercet in the missile systems race. He announced the initiation of the Strategic Defense Initiative, also known as Star Wars. This initiative remained intact well into the early(a) 1990s, when after the collapse of the Soviet Union, President George Bush called a review where he changed the focus of the SDI to defending deployed American forc es from missile threats. When the Clinton Administration came into power in 1993, the SDI became the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization. The new organization projected that a defense system would be deployed by 2003, but due to technological defects, a foolproof system has not yet been constructed. The attitudes of competing countries towards our development of a defense system seem to follow a specific pattern of opposition. China, for instance, who has highlighted their national interests as economic development, reunification with Taiwan, and strengthening their power globally, say they would feel compelled to counter any developments the U.

Essay on Honor in Richard II -- Richard II Richard III Essays

The Importance of Honor in Richard II The tension-charged exchange between Bolingbroke and Mowbray in the first base scenes of Richard II provides exciting action for the audience, and gives a glimpse into trial by combat and the importance of innocence in Shakespeares plays. Trial by combat, or a judicial duel was a traditional way to settle disputes in England and Europe for many generations. People dueled to defend their accept honor, and to prove personal claims against the honor of others. Honor. Honor is the accumulation of virtuous deeds that instills a respect in others and in you. Possessing, seeking, and defending the elusive trait of honor are crucial elements of Richard II. The plan of honor has different meanings to individual members of a modern audience, just as it did to an Elizabethan audience. What is honorable? What makes someone honorable? Aristotle thought there is no dependable honor in the world but that which commeth from vertue. Vertue seeks no great er or ampler theater to shew her selfe in, then her owne conscience. The higher the Sunne is the lesse shadow it makes, and the greater a mans vertue is the lesse glorie it seekes. (qtd. in Council 28) So, by Aristotles rationale, those people who seek honor are in fact not honorable because they are deliberately seeking honor, which is a vice. Council sums Aristotles argument very(prenominal) well, virtue consists in action the reward of that action is honor to pursue more honor than virtuous action warrants or to pursue honor for its own sake is a vice (19). Honor is also eloquently described by Rabelaiss definition of honor to the Thelemites, because men that are free, well-born, and well-bred, and conversant in trustworthy companies, have natu... ...mon. New York W W Norton, 1994. 12. Seldon, John. Table-Talk. 1689. Ed. Edward Arber. London Alex, Murray & Son, 1868. 13. Shakespeare, W. The Tragedy of King Richard the Second. The Complete 14. Signet Classic Shakespeare. T oronto Harcourt Brace Johanovich, Publishers, 1972. You may wish to begin your essay with the quotes under Bolingbroke My body shall make good upon this earth, Or my divine soul answer it in heaven. Thou art a traitor and a miscreant. (Richard II, 1.1.37-39) Mowbray I canvass it up and by that sword I swear, Which gently laid my knighthood on my shoulder, Ill answer thee in any fair degree Or chivalrous see of knightly trial And when I mount, alive may I not light, If I be traitor or unjustly fight. (Richard II, 1.1.78-83)

Essay on Honor in Richard II -- Richard II Richard III Essays

The Importance of Honor in Richard II The tension-charged exchange between Bolingbroke and Mowbray in the first scenes of Richard II provides exciting natural process for the audience, and gives a glimpse into trial by combat and the importance of honor in Shakespeares plays. Trial by combat, or a judicial duel was a traditional way to settle disputes in England and Europe for many generations. People dueled to defend their own honor, and to prove personal claims against the honor of others. Honor. Honor is the accumulation of arrant(a) deeds that instills a respect in others and in you. Possessing, essaying, and defending the elusive trait of honor are crucial elements of Richard II. The concept of honor has different meanings to separate members of a modern audience, just as it did to an Elizabethan audience. What is honorable? What makes someone honorable? Aristotle thought there is no true honor in the valet but that which commeth from vertue. Vertue seeks no greater or ampler theater to shew her selfe in, then her owne conscience. The higher the Sunne is the lesse shadow it makes, and the greater a mans vertue is the lesse glorie it seekes. (qtd. in Council 28) So, by Aristotles rationale, those people who seek honor are in fact not honorable because they are deliberately seeking honor, which is a vice. Council sums Aristotles argument very well, virtue consists in serve the reward of that action is honor to pursue more honor than virtuous action warrants or to pursue honor for its own sake is a vice (19). Honor is also eloquently described by Rabelaiss definition of honor to the Thelemites, because men that are free, well-born, and well-bred, and conversant in honest companies, have natu... ...mon. New York W W Norton, 1994. 12. Seldon, John. Table-Talk. 1689. Ed. Edward Arber. London Alex, Murray & Son, 1868. 13. Shakespeare, W. The Tragedy of King Richard the Second. The Complete 14. Signet Classic Shakespeare. Toronto Harcourt Brace Jo hanovich, Publishers, 1972. You may wish to begin your essay with the quotes below Bolingbroke My body shall make sizable upon this earth, Or my divine soul answer it in heaven. Thou art a traitor and a miscreant. (Richard II, 1.1.37-39) Mowbray I take it up and by that brand I swear, Which gently laid my knighthood on my shoulder, Ill answer thee in any fair degree Or chivalrous design of knightly trial And when I mount, alive may I not light, If I be traitor or unjustly fight. (Richard II, 1.1.78-83)

Chemistry-Precipitation Essay

My unknown chemical is sodium iodide. This was determined by testing the chemical with cations such as silver nitrate, atomic number 27 (II) nitrate, and copper nitrate. It was similarly tried with anions sodium iodide, sodium carbonate, sodium oxalate, and sodium phosphate. It was tested to see if the product will yield a precipitate or fast(a) (cloudiness, power, or crystals) and any color changes that are very similar to the products/changes when all the known cations and anions were tested for changes.First of all, sodium iodide is an anion, it was determined that the unknown chemical was an anion because it did not play off with any of the anions. Since the unknown did not react with the anions, it did not produce a substantiality or precipitate. This is chemically true because the new products will both agree NO3, or nitrate, and NO3 is aqueous with all cations.When the unknown was tested with silver nitrate a solid was produced, but also the color was a light yellow-be llied that is quite similar to the rendering of the product of sodium iodide added to silver nitrate (a dull but light yellow). This color was not exactly similar to the colourise formed from other combinations as they were slightly yellow for the formula 2AgNO3(aq)+NaCO3(aq) AgCO3(s)+2NaNO3(aq) , white for 2AgNO3(aq)+NaC2O4(aq) AgC2O4(s)+2NaNO3(aq) , and yellowish for 3AgNO3(aq)+Na3PO4(aq) Ag3PO4(s)+3NaNO3(aq). A solid was formed in both situations due to a cloudy substance that formed with the silver nitrate + sodium iodide and the unknown + silver nitrate. It makes sense that a solid was formed becauseAgNO3(aq)+NaI(aq) AgI(s)+NaNO3(aq)On the back of the monthly table it states that if the anion I- is part of the compound then cations like Ag+ and Pb2+ will form a solid with it. Since it is AgI, a solid is clearly formed.When the unknown was tested with cobalt (II) nitrate a solid was not produced and there was no color change it was the same light pink as originally, similar to the description of the product of sodium iodide added to cobalt (II) nitrate which was same light pink as the original color of the mixture. A solid was not formed in both situations becauseCo(NO3)2(aq)+2NaI(aq) CoI2(aq)+2NaNO3(aq)According to the back of the periodic table it states that if the anion iodine is part of the compound then cations like Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+, and Cu+ will form a solid with it, but iodine with all other cations form an aqueous solution. Therefore, since cobalt is not listed as one of the cations that iodine forms a solid with, no solid would be formed which is exactly what happened when sodium iodide was added to cobalt (II) nitrate and no other combination with cobalt (II) nitrate. Since sodium iodide in combination with cobalt (II) nitrate was the unaccompanied one involving cobalt (II) nitrate that did not have a reaction it proves that the unknown is one of the two. But, since it has been proven that unknown is an anion, sodium iodide is our only opti on.When the unknown was tested with copper (II) nitrate a solid was produced, but also the color was a night orange-yellow that was not too cloudy. This description is fundamentally the same as the description of the product of sodium iodide added to copper (II) nitrate which was dark yellow/range tone, copper color, slightly cloudy. A solid was formed in both situations because it was slightly cloudy in both situations.Cu(NO3)2 (aq)+2NaI(aq) CuI2(s)+2NaNO3(aq)According to the back of the periodic table it states that if the anion iodine is part of the compound then cations like Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+, and Cu+ will form a solid with it. Therefore, since copper is listed as one of the cations that iodine forms a solid with, a solid would be formed which is exactly what happened when sodium iodide was added to copper (II) nitrate. Since sodium iodide in combination with copper (II) nitrate was the only combination to form a dark yellow/orange color of all 4 anions in combination with the cation copper (II) nitrate sodium iodide seems the only option for the unknown. It is also not potential that the unknown is copper (II) nitrate because if there is a precipitate and a color change, it would not be the same color because disparate formulas yield different reactions like the colors formed. They are all unique.

Dear John Doe

Dear John Doe,Thank you for your interest in the store private instructor position. We appreciate the opportunity to consider you for our team. As we have received many applications for this position and everyone was well qualified.You have more than enough experience and seem homogeneous you know what it takes to improve our stores. I also noticed you took some time to find out we are a Fortune 200 company which content you pay attention to details. You are confident in your allowter and that is something we value, it shows a strong candidateThere are a few things I would advise for future inquiries in any job position with us or another company. Always make sure to address the recipient as Mr. Ms. Or Mrs. When writing a formal letter. It comes off as more professional, and composition we are always open to feedback for improvement a job letter is not the best place.Also, I absolutely hate to hear your store experiences werent what you expected. Thank you for letting me know A nd that is something thatll be taken into consideration. Im looking for a positive spook when speaking about the company and we want you to express that in your letter. But If you every have a complaint you are more than welcome to let us know by calling, emailing or even writing us. Always make sure that you speak positively about your previous job experiences or employers.When speaking of your previous employers or fellow coworkers in a bad light it can come off as negative and we dont want that to happen.Lastly, while Ive carefully reviewed your background and experience Ive decided to proceed with other candidates who meet our needs more closely at this time. This was a tough decision for me, as you were a strong candidate.If you need to contact me any time regarding our response or any other issue, please to at emailprotectedSincerely,John TenfieldHiring emailprotected

A Tentative Study of Trademark Translation Essay

Abstract Trademark is a special kind of phrase signs. It is the concentration of commodities distinct characteristics, the sum total of commodities tillage, and the powerful weapon for an enterprise to graphic symbolicipate in international competitions. With the development of globalization and the increase in international trade, the ingatherings of importing and exporting strengthen twenty-four hours by day the adaptation of stylemarks is gaining to a greater extent than and more attention. nowadays, more and more volume strike realized that a favorable adaptation of a earmark in promoting sales is crucial to the development of international markets and profits making.According to both(prenominal) instances of trademark translation, this thesis summarizes slightly main characteristics of trademark, and discusses the principles and some public methods of trademark translation. Key conditions Trademark characteristics translation principles translation methods , , , , , , , , , , Introduction According to R.Heis, an Ameri gouge economist A instigant attend, i. e. trademark is a frame, take a crap, sign, design or a combination of them that tells who makes it or who sells it, distinguishing that product from those made or s venerable by early(a)s. (Guo Gui vast & Zhang Hongbo, 2008 100) A trademark is just like a products give ear, which is the representative of the image of a comp both and the symbol of quality. In promoting sales, the trademark plays a very authorized role in arousing consumers desire to shop, saving the huge economical benefits and even in determining the survival of a company.With Chinas joining to the WTO, China strengthens cooperation with varied countries, including increasingly frequent economic and trade exchanges. How to introduce our products to foreign countries, father foreign products into the domestic markets and conduct a successful sales business has become quite important. therefore, a successful translation of trademark becomes urgent and necessary for the enterprises. While trademark translation is non only a simple con fluctuation from wizard code to a nonher, still a clear intention of the cross-language commercial, a special cross-cultural communication activity.Thus, it is vital for us to pay more attention to the principles and methods of trademark translation. Chapter1 The Characteristics of Trademark though there be various definitions of trademark, they share something in common. In general, a trademark should be simple and easy to remember, and should be distinctive and favorably associative. 1. 1 Simple and Easy to Remember It is a basic requirement for a trademark to be simple and easy to spell. Choosing short and simple words for piece trademarks forget help consumers comprehend them more easily, beca subroutine simple and short words are easy to lionize in memory.Nowadays, with the fast development of economy, more and more trademarks flood i nto the market, how could consumers memorize all of them? Therefore, if a trademark is short and easy to spell and memorize, it passel occupy the market easily. In fact, most well-k todayn trademarks are in short form, such as Nike, Sony, Apple and so on. 1. 2 Distinctive from Similar Products We all know that the purpose of using trademarks is to distinguish one product from others. Therefore, to be distinctive is another important characteristic of a trademark. Trademarks, in a sense, are equal to signs and reputations.Distinctiveness can help customers not to be easily confused with other trademarks in the market either by sound or appearance. Distinctive and typical words may be used to distinguish the relevant product from others. Kodak (camera) created by the manager, is distinctive and easy for the potential consumers to memorize. The Chinese notable trademark Lenovo( ),can easily be differentiated from other computers, because Lenovo, a coined word, can be associated with the word legend which is particular and attractive. Lenovo is more innovative than legend.Adventurous consumers go out prefer that trademark distinguishes the relevant product from other computers with consummate ease. 1. 3 Arousing Favorable Association Most trademarks can arouse favorable linkup, which is an indispensable feature of trademark. Owing to the requirement of marketing, a trademark is not only a sign, but alike an advertisement. It should arouse the favorable stand and show the good quality to consumers. virtually trademarks have inherent meaning and some have historic or cultural connotations, both of which can arouse favorable associations. LUX (soap) is a product of Unilever Company.LUX, a Latin word, intend sunshine. So the consumer can associate it with bright sunshine and healthy skin. This trademark even permit state imagine the romantic tonus on the summer b all(prenominal). Whats more, consumers can associate LUX with lucks and luxury from its appear ance and orthoepy. Thus, Unilever Company publicizes the good quality of its products by the favorable association of the trademark. From the supra example, we can see that the inherent meaning of trademarks plays an important part in advertising and can arouse populations desirable association and let them accept the products.Chapter 2 The Principles of Trademark Translation Trademark translation is an art as well as a science. It is a comprehensive process which is connect to linguistics, translation theory, intercultural communication, aesthetics, and consumer psychology. Generally speaking, trademark translation is a complex task of compromising between the meanings of trademarks and their consumers. Therefore, to translate trademarks successfully, some principles should be taken into consideration. 2. 1 snitch the Products Characteristics Usually, every product has its identification.Trademark translation should show the features and go bads of the products, so that the buy ers could immediately think of the usage of products when they see the trademarks. As has been discussed by Xu Hui and Cheng Zhendong, the characteristic of a product message that it has some basic elements which differ from those of others (Xu Hui, 200455-56). The translated grade agnomen bid should match with the characteristics of products and show the idea of the pilot film stir. The characteristics of products not only distinguish from others, but also contain the ability to communicate with the consumers.Thus, in the process of translation, the translator should grasp the characteristics of the products, so as to promote the understanding of products for consumers, and help learn the characteristics and functions of the products by the prototypical sight. For example, a trademark of suit-dress Hope Show is translated into , in which the word ? instantly reflects in the products for the apparel category, and ? add more promotion of a happy and cool feeling to the go ods. The translation not only reflects the features of the product but also caters to consumers aesthetic taste.Nobody will have interest in products which they are not acquainted. A successful trademark translation should have the trait that customers can learn the category and characteristics of the product. Like Nike, the famous American brand of sports wears, is the name of the goddess achievement in Greek myth. According to its pronunciation, it can be translated into or in Chinese. However, these deuce call cant let loose the characteristics of the product, but even present people a misunderstanding that Nike is some products for women. is better. ? means something durable.As the sport wear, durability is equal to good quality. ? implies that people can finally overcome difficulties and succeed, conform with the connotation of Victory. These two words in Chinese show the features of the product perfectly. Another example is Procter & Gambles antidandruff shampoo H ead & Shoulders. The translation means dandruff disappears when washed, and highlights the distinct characteristics of the product fully. Another two examples are Sportsman (bicycle) and Unlsports (sports shoes).The former is translated into , the last mentioned into . If you are not old(prenominal) with the trademarks, who will associate it with their products? 2. 2 elect the Appropriate Words As the symbol of products, trademarks should be simple and easy to remember and understandable for consumers. So in order to leave the best feeling on consumers, translators should choose some appropriate words during the process of trademark translation. The more complicated words in the translation, the weaker the trademark sounds and the less memorable it becomes. For instance, McDonalds was transliterated into in mainland of China before and now is displaced by .Also, in mainland, the brand name Hewlett & Packard had a long translation of - for a long period. Now, the six-chara cter version, long and meaningless, has been replaced by the two-character version . Balancing these two versions, we can see the latter is easier to pronounce and memorize. Moreover, contains more meanings and can stimulate more favorable e favorable association of the the productassociation of consumers. Similarly, Head &Shoulder(shampoo) was transliterated into before and now a more compact and meaningful version is popular. Stafanel, the brand name for apparel from US, is translated into now. However, what about a two-character version ? Also in China, Mercedes-Benz, the brand name for a quality car from Germany, was transliterated into before and yet is put into at present. A car from Great Britain Rolls Royce is translated into now instead of the former transliteration . The Chinese version for Fair Child, a semi-conductor from the US, was before and now is instead. is easier to be pronounced and memorized than for Nescafe from Swiss.The upper new vers ions have replaced the old renderings because they are simple and easy to be accepted by consumers, in pronunciation, form and meaning. Easy acceptance by consumers finally promotes the sales of the products. On the contrary, some translations sound profane or may lead to electronegative associations in the Chinese language. Thus such translations would not be recognized and accepted by consumers. For examples, Psorales, a drug, was put into when just coming into China.No one knew what was and assumed it to be something discarded. It is not hard to imagine nobody would buy things that sound worn out and useless. Later, it is replaced by ,a more vivid and meaningful version, and its sales was improved subsequentlywards. 2. 3 Analyze the Aesthetics Features Trademark translation should comply with the characteristics of morphology of trademark in the TL. Getting the best out of the combination of beauty in meaning, sound and form is the internal requirement if we want to realiz e the associated function and the advertising function of a brand name.(Tang Zhongshun, 200275-77) The translated trademark accordingly must be normative, elegant, vivid and visual. Firstly, beauty of meaning means the translated terms should produce an artistic existence through a favorable association of words or component words so that people will have rich and sharp association and arouse the expectation and pursuit of wonderful things. We have the typical examples of Sprite (beverage) and Tide (washing power). Since Sprite was translated into in Chinese, this product has prevailed in China due to the lifelike color and abundant connotation.The translated term in sound is not only quite close to the pronunciation of the archetype brand name, but also makes people have a favorable association of lustration, neatness and tidiness, showing the sort and feature of the product. Secondly, beauty of sound means a brand name of the original and its translated version should basi cally share the same or similar pronunciation with the quality of sonority, rhythmization and musicality so that an aesthetically pleasing enjoyment is gained in auditory modality that brand name (Zhang Quan, 200477-79).There are many successfully translated versions fully reflect the beauty of sounds. Take OMO (washing power) and Clean&Clear (facial cleanser) for example. As OMO is translated into ,it sounds like a compliment great in English. The translated term of Clean&Clear, makes good use of alliterative rhythmic reduplication in order to achieve a combination of phonetic rhythm and verve.Lastly, beauty of form means the translated trademarks should make the best of conciseness and simpleness in structure, namely using few syllables, readability and understandability of the words and avoiding difficult and seldom-using words. People prefer two or three words of translated versions because this structure better accords with the referential custom and aesthetic psychology. There are many famous translated brand names with the preceding(prenominal) feature, such as Head&Shoulders (shampoo), Avon (cosmetic), Johnsons (cream) and so on. Especially the translated version is full of the characteristics of concision, elegance and semblance representing the feature and function of the product. 2. 4 Pay Attention to Cultural Differences Edward Taylor defined culture as a complex whole which includes knowledge, looks, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by individuals as members of a society. (Taylor Edward B, 187136) Namely, the major factors contributing to the making of culture are the religions, habits, customs and history, which vary considerable from countries to countries.As a carrier of culture, language is an important part of culture which reflects the characteristics of a nation, which not only includes the nations historical and cultural background, but also contains the national outlook on life, lifestyles and slip port of thinking. From the relationship between language and culture, it is obvious that translation is not only a process of transferring the source language into the purpose language, but also a process of a mutual communication and exchange between different cultures.Therefore, during the process of trademark translation, as language and culture are inseparable from each other, it is essential to pay more attention to cultural differences. 2. 4. 1. Differences in Religions Religions, myths, legends, and images from literary works are an in-separable part of culture. They are deeply rooted in culture and at the same time contribute a great deal to the formation of peoples concepts about certain objects.These elements, when involved in brand name translation, call for the translators sensitivity as well as flexibility in cultural adaptation in order that usable equivalence could be attained between the source brand name and the stigma brand name. For example, Goldlion was not well-liked when it first appeared in the Chinese market with the name . It is said that many people would not buy that product just because the name sounds very close to in some Chinese dialects. Other people believe that the name was not well accepted because it resembles the sound of,which is also a taboo idea in China, especially in Hong Kong, where people march a particular liking for things with luck-bearing names. Anyway, the product did not sell well until the new name was assimilateed by Zeng Xianzi, a famous Chinese entrepreneur. He skillfully took apart the source brand name intogoldandlion. The first part was actually put into? to be faithful to the original, while the latter adopted the method of semantic transliteration and was put into ,meaning flummoxing profit. Such an auspicious name has helped a lot in building up the good fame of the product. 2. 4. 2 Differences in History.Every country has its own history. In the history, many historical incidents hap pened. These incidents have carved into the culture and have become a part of it. Being unaware of the history when translating a trademark will lead to failure. Opium is a brand of perfume. Actually in the western cul ention to hich reflects nd nice associationame, but also makes ation. things. he producr. ture, such kind of trademark name is popular, such as Poison, another perfume brand. However in China, has a negative meaning. The Chinese people experienced the shameful history related to opium since 1840, when the notorious Opium War broke out.Without the consideration of history, this brand encountered the resistance from the Chinese consumers. Finally, the trademark name was banned in China. 2. 4. 3 Differences in Customs and Habits Custom is one of the branches of culture reflecting the specific characteristics of a nation or parts of the nation. It is the sediment of long history and closely linked with the surroundings and the way of life. So some customs and habits e xist in one culture but may be absent in another, which brings about an obstacle to Chinese-English brand name translation.Many Chinese brand names come from Chinese custom. One of the most famous rice wines named (Daughter Wine) is produced in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province of China. To Chinese customers, the brand name represents the happy events in ones life, while they cannot arouse the same feeling in westerners if translated literally and that will absolutely cause cultural loss, because the western consumers do not know about the custom of the antique Shaoxing. It is said that in ancient Shaoxing a jar of this wine was buried under the ground when a daughter was brought into the world.When the girl grew up and became a bride, the jar was dug out and presented to the guests be the wedding. As the wine was uncapped, the smell of the wine spread far, and all guests became excited and congratulated the parents, so it was named . When a translator translate the trade mark, it is very necessary to reveal the cultural information of the brand names. It is not only easy for customers to know about the origin of the wine but accept it quickly, because any one from any country would like to equally appreciate the glorious things, enjoy the happy feeling and desire success.Thus, in order to reveal the cultural information of this brand name, perhaps the translation Daughters Wedding Wine is more suitable. 2. 4. 4 Differences in the Attitudes towards Animals and Numbers People living in different cultures turn over different attitudes and beliefs towards animals and arrives. What is considered a good omen in one culture may not symbolize the same in another. Therefore, it is generally advisable that people should not use this type of words to name the relative products, and when one translates existing brand names of this type, cultural adaptation may help him finger a more proper target brand name.The difficulties caused by such words in brand name translati on may be illustrated with the next example. As we know, the Chinese people often associate bats with good luck because the Chinese character ? sounds the same as? (meaninggood fortune). Some Chinese legends even label that when a bat lives 100 years, it turns white in color and hangs upside down from a tree, and eating that bat could bring a person longevity. A red bat foretells even better luck for sounds exactly the same with (being supremely fortunate). Some Chinese stick to the belief so much that they name their products. and if the translator adapts his linguistic choices to the different attitude towards the animal in European cultures, he would not consider thresh a good name, for bat is regarded as an extremely evil omen in many European folklores. Perhaps translations like Fortunes would be better. Besides, numbers bring about different associations. Generally speaking, each culture has certain numbers believed to be either lucky or ominous, but this may often differ from individual to individual. allows take the translation of 7-up, a brand of soft drink, as an example.The number 7 is thought to be a lucky number to many English speakers, but it does not have the same meaning in Chinese. Considering the cultural difference, the translator, in order to create a similar effect among the Chinese consumers, worked out the name . The name is quite satisfactory because its first part? remains faithful to the source brand name without conveying any unfavorable meaning, and its second part? conveys the meaning ofhappiness and good luck,and hence makes up for the loss of connotation in the number7.Chapter 3 General Methods in Trademark Translation Peter Newmark once said that different translation strategies should be adopted according to the different functions of different works (Mou Yan, 2008). It is well-known that trademark translation is not only to convey the cultural information of the source culture, but also to set up a good image in the tar get culture, and finally to attract the people in the target market to the product. In order to achieve these purposes, translators should adopt the following methods in the process of trademark translation. 3. 1 Literal TranslationLiteral translation, referred to as semantic translation by Peter Newmark, is a way of translation which aims at preserving the most possible cultural messages (including the communicative aspect of culture, such as, the formal elements of the SL) of the source text at the sacrifice of the formal elements of the target language and sometimes even the intelligibility of the target text (Zheng Shengtao, 1994). Since the formation of words in the Chinese language is different from that in the Western languages, it is actually unacceptable to achieve trademark translation by word-for-word translation in most cases.Peter Newmark favors literal translation too. He says, I am approximately of a literalist because I am for truth and accuracy. (Newmark Peter, 20 0162) Although sometimes literal translation may create something exotic or even eccentric for the target language readers, it will gradually be accepted by the target language and its culture. As long as the translated brand names from foreign language can be understood and accepted by the target consumers, literal translation is the best way for promoting cultural exchange through the brand name translation in China.As the brand name translation is to transfer between cultures, translators should make the target consumers understand the source culture. Some people say there is a better way for translators to approach the original. That is literal translation, which can keep the national feature. For example, some conventional brand names, which are very familiar to the Westerners even to the world like (The Yangtze River), (the Yellow River), and (the Great Wall) are chosen by the producers, as they are the symbols of Chinese wonderful natural history.When translators trans late them, they have no need to do any translation. As these brand names are well-known to the world, and these Chinese characteristics of brand names are fresh and mysterious to the Westerners, it is easy to evoke the target consumers purchasing desire. Translators can adopt literal translation. The brand names , , carry our ancient cultural information. When translators translate them into the Western languages, they should keep literal translation and add some notes, in order to let the target consumers know the source culture.Literal translation also keeps the general form and keeps the structure of the source language. Today, Chinese culture are getting more and more popular in the world, and more and more Westerners are eager to take on our language in order to learn our long history. Therefore, the kind of translation is a necessary way to let more people learn our traditional culture. On the other hand, in the English-speaking countries, there are some brand names whic h can be literally translated. For example, the very famous brand name White cat is translated into .And the brand name Camel is translated into . All these translated brand names are very suitable for the products, and the products will very probably be loved by the consumers in the target market. Here literal translation is not the same as word-for-word translation. Word-for-word translation is to rigidly regurgitate every word in the process of translation. Strictly speaking, it is not a translation method. But, literal translation is a skill of translation, even if there do exist some additions or deletions while the essence of the original is not destroyed.Literal translation makes the target language more smooth and acceptable. Although literal translation can most possibly maintain the cultural messages of the source language, it sometimes will cause misunderstanding of the cultural messages or create unintelligible meanings. Lets take Sprite as an example. If the word Spr ite is translated literally or directly, it might be . The version would put Chinese consumers into great perplexity because is a human-like monster in Chinese culture. Thus translators should consider other methods.Literal translation is adopted as the most ideal translation technique in reproducing images because it can preserve the original images as much as possible. Some English expressions wearing word-for-word similarity to some Chinese expressions may mean something quite different. In this case, translators should go deeper to find out what these English expressions really mean otherwise mistakes will be made in literal translation. 3. 2 Transliteration Transliteration in a narrow sense is a mapping from one system of writing into another and it is mostly based on the pronunciation.Transliteration attempts to be lossless, so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct the original spelling of unknown transliterated words. To achieve this objective, transliter ation may define complex conventions to deal with earn in a source script that do not correspond with letters in a goal script. Transliteration means that trademarks are translated into similar names in pronunciation according to the original ones (Li Yi, 2009232-234) It is generally believed that the adoption of this method can help to achieve various purposes.Some trademarks obtained in this way can effectively remind the customers of their classic status. Such trademarks are easier for target consumers to pronounce and memorize. Still, some trademarks are deliberately transliterated in order to cater to the foreign consumers general preference for foreign goods because some thus-translated trademarks sound more foreign-like. The world famous trademark Intel means the ability to learn and reason and the capacity for knowledge and comprehension. Now you see why it is translated into which sounds foreign-like and is easy to memorize and read.Meanwhile, it indicates the characteri stic of the product. Another example is the translation of Ya Ya. (down wear) is transliterated into Ya Ya instead of Duck. The translated trademark Ya Ya is a catchy name that can fulfill the simulating function of trademark effectively. These two examples show the characteristics of being simple and easy to pronounce and memorize and as well obey the principle of aesthetics. though transliteration embodies the sound beauty of the original one, the translated trademark dictions should be chosen carefully.During transliteration, it is important to obey the characteristics of arousing desirable association. Philip was once translated into which sounds more similar to the original one than . But the three characters will arouse unfavorable association. People prefer good and appropriate words, and hence, when using transliteration method, translators should do their best to choose beautiful words. For example, Lancome (cosmetics) is put into .The two Chinesecharacters are beau tiful and can be associated with an elegant woman with certain spiritual qualities. These two words are always connected with beautiful things, such as , . Thats why Chinese females have a partiality for Lancome. In translation practice, we find that English trademarks are highly transparent in letters or words and can be pronounced easily in one breath, while the transliteration of Chinese trademarks are broken into strong-minded words in accordance with the specific Chinese characters. So the English version often lacks coherence.To avoid the disadvantage of transliteration in strict accordance with the specimen Chinese pronunciation, we can use transliteration method flexibly. To some extent, we can translate a trademark according to the local pronunciation. The following examples successfully avoid the above problem. (refrigerator) is translated into Frestech instead of Xin Fei. Frestech is composed of fresh and technology, which is coherent in structure and pronunciatio n. Whats more, it also implies that the product is produced with advanced technology. (tonic food) means that happiness is coming, suggesting the product will bring happiness and health to consumers.The English version Life caters to westerners psychology and is easier for them to pronounce and spell. 3. 3 Free Translation Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase longer than the original. In order to take advantage of the target language and make translated brand name more idiomatic and acceptable, some imaginary brand names are freely translated.Free translation can communicate the information of products clearly and vividly. It will make a strong impression on the target language consumers and arouse their response. There are many successful examples to show this method. For example, Ariel (washing powder) is rendered as . The word ? means clean and clear. So indicates the super cle aning capability of the washing powder. Similarity, Safeguard (soap) is not literally translated into , but . The translation describes the products function and attributes.Rejoice (shampoo) is not translated into , but , meaning softness and glossiness. Slek(shampoo) is also rendered as through free translation. in Chinese can be a noun as well as a verb phrase. If is interpreted as a noun, it means beautiful buds, implying ladies will be like an elegant bud after using the shampoo if is interpreted as a verb, it means nourishing a bud to make it come out. This implies the shampoo can make haircloth glossier. Zest(soap) is paraphrased as through free translation. ? is a very popular word in China, which brings the soap a fashionable element.This translation is improved from the original one in literal method. is more proper and suitable to meet the needs of the youth who are the target customers. 3. 4 Liberal Translation electropositive Transliteration In order to reach the criteria of trademark translationbeauty in meaning and sound, and to make the translated versions possess the general features of good brand names, we can use the combination of liberal translation and transliteration to translate brand names, since in many cases liberal or transliteration cannot do the job along.A good translation of a brand name should not only be similar to the original sound but also reflect the connotation of the original. The combination of liberal translation and transliteration may achieve double purposes, as the message of the brand name will be more vividly reflected so that it will be more impressive to guide consumption. Here we take some examples to appreciate the merits of this kind of method. For example, Pampersdiapers from P&G, is rich in meaning and clear in pronunciation. The translated brand name has got a balance between the meaning and the pronunciation. The brand name of a care for Bufferin is translated into . The translated b rand name does not tell us what the medicine is, but it forms a sound which is very close to that of the source brand name. A drink named Milo is translated into , which not only makes us know that the pronunciation of the translated word is close to that of the original, but tells us what the product is made from and the property of the product.

Kentucky Fried Chicken Case Study Essay

The case focuses on four major topics (1) analysis of the fast-food industry from both a interior(prenominal) and an outside(a) point of view (2) the development of KFCs business dodging from 1992 to 1996 (3) an analysis of KFCs investment strategy in Mexico and Latin America and (4) the Mexican peso crisis of 1995. This case begins by analyzing the strategic changes that took place in Kentucky Fried Chicken Corporation (KFC) as it moved through a variety of self-command changes from the 1950s through the 1980s (1) KFCs founding by Colonel Harland Sanders in 1954 (2) the sale of KFC to Jack Massey and John Young Brown, Jr., in 1964 (3) Heubleins acquisition of KFC in 1971 (4) the acquisition of Heublein by R. J. Reynolds in 1982 and (5) PepsiCos acquisition of KFC in 1986.As such, the case provides an opportunity to examine issues related to corporate diversification/ acquisition strategy and business portfolio management. The case also discusses the U.S. fast-food industry and i ts international dimension. It also examines KFCs international strategy with a particular focus on Mexico, providing a fomite for discussion of risks and opportunities of doing business in a foreign country. Some of the Strategic Issues and Discussion Questions for This Case Include1. How did different corporate parentage-under Heublein, R. J. Reynolds, and PepsiCo-affect KFC? 2. What motivated the three international corporations to buy KFC? 3. Can you identify any added value that each of these three firms brought to KFC? 4. What are the driving forces in the fast-food industry? 5. Using the five forces model, assess the readiness of each force within the fast-food industry. 6. Complete a SWOT analysis for KFC.7. In what ways is KFC positioned to take advantage of the industrys key success factors? 8. What are the major strategic issues surrounding KFCs decision to expand or freeze growth in Mexico?

Foundations of Mythology Short Answers Essay

How is the word myth used popularly? For pattern, what does the statement, Its a myth mean? In contrast, how is the word myth used in the academic context? After considering the definition in your textbooks and course materials, write a definition in your own words. The word myth is used popularly, for example the statement, Its a myth generally means that is untrue or a lie. The term myth means is that certain events or stories atomic number 18 embellished and wild on the basis of common societal knowledge. They are legends and they are things that seem outrageous, but are not necessarily true. The one I go affirm to over and over is the picture of the camel spider from Iraq. It was supposed to be a two foot spider that would attach to people without them ever knowing until it was excessively late. The internet has allowed for many of these fabrications to take hold and become something of an internet urban legend. The word myth in an academic context refers to stories from the past.I am emaciated to Greek mythology where stories are told of outrageous mankind beings as they are involved with gods and learn vitality lessons. I think a myth is meant to be a t all(prenominal) vessel. Why do myths from different horticultures around the world address such similar or universal themes? Think about how myths explicate the hidden and the tribulations of mankind. People need to know who they are and where they come from and what is their purpose in life. Questions like why the world exists and how it was created. These myths have been passed down from ages throughout history. Each culture has an explanation of creation and the beginning of mankind. From man being created by the Gods from the dust of the earth to the great Zeus the creator of all things. These explain many of the questions that compassionates have relating to creation and purpose. What is the relationship between belief, knowledge, mythology, and religion? Where do mythology and religion i ntersect? Where do they diverge? Think about the wreak of myth and religion in helping human beings cope with change, suffering, loss, and death.The relationship between belief, knowledge, mythology, and religionare all based on an idea of knowing, teaching, and information to be the best person that you can possibly be. I know this may sound a bit optimistic, but I think that break open of living life is to become the best person that one can be. I think that believing something is based on a personal confidence. I think that knowledge is based on a concept of personal improvement. I think that mythology is based on a concept of historical teaching and I think that religion is based on an attempt to find personal peace and personal enlightenment. Where do religion and mythology intersect? They are each historical teachings that are meant to help a person become a better person. The human being will go through a diversity of cycles throughout their lives. This will include copin g with change, suffering, loss, death, and happiness. What these are meant to do is help a person deal with all of the changes that they are undergoing.How would you defend mythologys relevance in contemporary culture? Think about familial and cultural traditions. Also, consider how mythology is used in the arts and in advertising to typify human experience. They could be defended by what they are attempting to teach. They are meant to help a person deal with the challenges that take place throughout everyday life. Life is challenging and life is hard. Myths can be defended and should be defended because they are meant to help a person deal with the challenges that take place throughout the hardships of life. When we consider the familial and cultural traditions they are important because they offer insight to historical perspective.They allow us to see how much society has changed and how much people have remained the same in regards to their conflicts and problems. Typifying the human experience is an example. Who could say that our society is not filled with mythology as it is? I think that it is entirely. Movies, books, stories and visual images are all modern mythology. Who is to say that centuries from now societies wint look back on our culture today and view our movies and books as we view myths and cave art? Its interesting to think about.

Buyer Behavior: Starbucks Essay

1. InterviewConversation directed to a definite purpose other than satisfaction in the conversation itself. (Market Intelligence) The main advantage is that they usually achieve a high response rate and that the the likes ofly level of error being introduced into the research result is low.2. Focus group discussionA small group of people, considered to be representative of the target segment, invited to openly discuss products or issues at their leisure time in a relaxed environment. (Market Intelligence) This method is expedient in providing a qualitative data. It is inexpensive to conduct, it jakes be done quickly, and it can provide useful, timely, qualitative data. It usually consists with 8 to 10 respondents and the interviewer taking the role of group moderator.3. Projective techniquesThe object of projective test is to delve below the surface responses in order to book true feelings, meaning, or motivations. (Market Intelligence) 4. Observation It involves the personal a nd mechanical observe activities. It records actions as they occur and thus there is no overleap of accuracy caused by a respondents faulty recollection of their past actions or inadequate estimate of coming(prenominal) ones. (Market Intelligence)5. Telephone researchTelephone research is relatively fast and low cost of gathering data. It is most useful when single a small amount of information is required. The advantages of this method are a wide geographical range, efficient, high response rate, modification question is possible. The disadvantages are a biased result, higher refusal rate, short interview, and no visual aids. (Market Intelligence)6. Interview surveyThe survey approach involves asking question of the target market or population. To obtain data, it is usually necessary to obtain a sample to provide an estimate of the characteristic of the entire population. This is qualitative or motivational research and provides information on behavior and attitude. (Market Int elligence)7. Postal research questionnairesQuestionnaire is the primary tool of marketing research, a devise for delivering question to respondents and recording their answers. (Market Intelligence) The advantages are low cost, no interviewer bias, questionnaire length. The disadvantages are lack control of respondents and if the company find wrong customer than it will get wrong information. (Market Intelligence) Secondary data Starbucks purchases high-quality bean coffees and sells them along with fresh, rich-brewed, Italian style espresso beverages, a variety of pastries and confections, and coffee-related accessories and equipment. In addition to sales through our company-operated retail stores, Starbucks sells bean coffees through a specialty sales group and supermarkets.The Companys objective is to establish Starbucks as the most recognized and respected brand in the world. In the 2002, Starbucks has branched to Indonesia and MAP is the one who won the master of licensing agre ement in Indonesia. There are already more than 50 stores in Indonesia and the company is growing fast. The coffees that the company sells in Indonesia are from Colombia, Mexico, Kenya, New Guinea, Sumatra and Sulawesi. The menus are not slightly(prenominal) different than any other Starbucks store all over the world. The mission statement1. Provide a great work environment and treat from each one other with respect and dignity 2. Embrace diversity as an essential component in the way we do business 3. Apply the highest standard of rectitude to the purchasing, roasting, and fresh delivery of our coffee 4. Develop enthusiastically satisfaction customers all the time 5. Contribute positively to our communities and our environment 6. recognize that profitability is essential to our future success Market research findings In Indonesia, most of people are already used to drink coffee and become a habit for some people, especially for older men. This is one of the benefits that make S tarbucks as a successful coffee store in Indonesia. Starbucks also create a strong cypher for a modern and trendy coffee drinker for their customers. This is the reason not only mature men will purchase the product, but also women and withal younger generation.The price for Starbucks are quite expensive than the competitor. The environment of the store is cozy, relaxing working environment with calm colors decoration, and using wood solid with simplex style as their furniture decoration to create a minimalist natural. The workers in the store are friendly with a little high-octane attitude. The manager is a full time workers and the age is between 25 up to 40 historic period old. The counter staff are usually a part timer and the age is between 17 up to 30 years old.There are some segmentation for their target market, such as young customer, young executive, executive and expatriate. Young customers are between 16 up to 23 years old. They usually prefer cold coffee drinks or b lend coffee drinks, such as iced coffee latte, caramel frappuccino, blended milk green tea, etc. Young executive customers are between 24 up to 30 years old. They usually prefer cold coffee drinks, blended coffee drinks and brew coffee Executive customers are between 31-55 years old. They prefer brewed coffee and iced coffee rather than blend coffee Expatriate customers are between 40 to 55 years old. Most of them only like brewed coffee. Marketing research planThe research plan that I would recommend for Starbucks is using questionnaires, focus group discussion, and observation.1. QuestionnairesA questionnaire is the easiest method to gather data. It is low cost, no interviewer bias, questionnaire length is variable. The questionnaires that conduct in the Starbucks store are already implemented. This will be affective if we also do questionnaires for the competitors customers. The questionnaires objectives are to know what the most normal product competitor is, why the customer pr efer the competitor store than Starbucks, and what competitor thinks about Starbucks.2. ObservationThe observation will be conducted in the competitors stores. It is the simple way to know the strengths and weaknesses of the competitor. Through this method, the company also can know the opportunities and the threats that caused by the competitor. The purpose of observation is to recognize which the most popular product in the target market is. Also what kind of varieties the competitors offer and the buying habit of target consumers.3. Focus Group discussionAfter conducting questionnaires, researcher would have a quantitative result. To go deeper into the core issue, a focus group discussion should be conducted. This method is useful in providing a qualitative data. It is inexpensive to conduct, it can be done quickly, and it can provide useful, timely, qualitative data. I would recommend 5-10 respondents which consist of Starbucks and competitors customers.

“Marginalization” by Chandrakant Mallya

In a scale, both arms are equally important. If one of them tilts, the emergence is imbalance. Compare the scale to the golf-club. A perfect society viewed from any angle, is impossibility. Turn the pages of human history graven image was never there. It is reasonable to assume that it will never be there It empennage not be comp permitely avoided either. social club at any given time has not existed and functioned without circumferencealisationSome of the definitions of marginalization areTo relegate or confine to a lower or outer limit or edge, as of social standing.Marginalization (USA) refers to the overt or covert trends within societies whereby those perceived as absentminded desirable traits or deviating from the group norms tend to be excluded by wider society and ostracized as undesirables.Wing Leung describes A marginal person as one who does not belongthe marginal man dwells at the margin of two cultures and two societies and possesses amarginal mentality with its un resolved identity crises.Louis Wirth speaking of minority groups thence A group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination. This means, the more than numerically dominant members, or the more prosperous section of the society gives unequal treatment take to acts of social ostracism, acts of discrimination, leading to marginalization.In Sula Tony Morrison traces the lives of two black heroines. They grow together in a small Ohio townwell, thats the only common point about them. Otherwise, they are poles a adjourn. Their paths are altogether divergent, obviously their thinking as well Nel Wright chooses the normal behavior of a black woman marries and settles in the place of her birth. She is part of the tightly-knit black community.Sula Peace rejects this option outright. Sh e escapes to a city, joins a college, and when she returns to her roots, she is a rebel. She decides to pick up a lesson to the society that humiliated her in childhood. She mocks at the social norms, and she is a wanton sexual seductress. Her secondary pleasure is depicted in her triumphant return to her village and she is extremely happy about the triumph she scored by crossing the hurdles that she faced in her life due to the color of her skin. These two characters competently depict, with utmost sincerity to their own emotions, their suffering and enjoyment in the light of various trials and tribulations that was part of their life and living.The Civil War in USA led to the physical liberation. The War for economic liberation began thereafter. In Sula Toni Morrison provides us with the real history lesson with the depiction of the black way of life, a society which unbosom continues to be marginalized both from social and economic standpoints. Through their girlhood years th ey share everything perceptions, judgments, yearnings, secrets, even horror until Sula gets out, out of the Bottom, the hilltop neighborhood where beneath the sporting life of the men hanging well-nigh the place in head rags and soft felt hares there hides a fierce resentment at failed crops, lost jobs, thieving insurance men, bug-ridden flour . . . at the invisible line that cannot be overstepped. (Morison, 1973)Fences is the story of quaternary generations of black Americans. The torch of legacy of morals, attitudes, mores and patterns passes with stories. Troy Maxon is the principle character of the play. Being a black, the part of the marginalized society of America, how and why he had to scale down his dreams to adjust inside his run-down yard. The opening candidate begins with Troy Maxon and his trusted friend Jim Bono engaged in drinking and talking.The anguish of marginalization related exploitation is evident, when he makes a exerciseal compliant to his bosses, why only white men are permitted to fag garbage trucks for the waste disposal company. The deep impact of marginalization in Troy Maxons somebody is shown as he counsels his teenage son Cory Maxon when he is being actively recruited for a college football scholarship. His breed discourages him, and tells him not to ignore other important responsibilities.Troy wants that his son should never haul garbage exchangeable him. Cory represents all the possibilities his father never had and the unmet dreams. Yet the father is unwilling to let the son go on the path chosen by him to improve his lot in life. His apprehension is that the white-dominated sports will not let Cory progress, and break his heart. Troy had spent fifteen years in jail for robbery and murder, but he became an accomplished baseball player in the jail.After the release, when he could not get proper opportunities to pomposity his skill, he is bitter and resentful at the chances lost because of the color of his skin. He wants to protect his son from set about such disappointments and turn cynical. It was due to marginalization that Troys life was full of difficulties, oppression match with bad luck. As a boy, due the abject poverty, he was denied education, he cannot even read.Marginalization is beneficial all over the world, and it embraces humanity. In the Developed World, racial and ethnic minority groups stand out as the most marginalized. Then there are other classes like, the poor, the sick, the disabled, the obese, teenage unwed mothers, the elderly, the homosexuals and lesbians. These groups suffer from one form of marginalization or the other-unemployment, poverty, poor health facilities and lack of education and the like. How can we strive to end it?The interrogative sentence should be rather how we can mend it? The ending to marginalization can only be through mending the ways of the society. First of all, the affluent and the socially well placed members of the majority community sh ould net the grave injustice rendered to the affected society for centuries. Genuine repentance and willing acceptance to reform can only change the social structure. The change with-out can be achieved only through the change with-in. Society must have a will to change, and that is possible by the combined efforts of the government, social and spiritual organizations. It is exalted time that marginalization is given a decent burial.ReferencesMorrison, Toni, Sula Excerpted from the book jacket In clear, dark, reverberating language .members.tripod.com/bibliomania/archive3/morrison5.html 9k Retrieved on May 21, 2007.

Diliman Preparatory School Essay

groundworkMeeting deadlines appear to be very accent markful among schoolchilds. They same to work at the very proceed days to run after the deadline. Cramming like a speedy horse in complying with a tending(p) specific task the day or night before. Why? It is a matter of upbringing or behavioral pattern that governs the mentality of a disciple cerebrateing that he could work or think more intelligently and logically if the cartridge holder has already been running surface. Modern technologies like cell ph integrity, internet, and telly catch the attention and focus of the students in terms of doing school work.Facebook addiction as a influence of leisure and going away from family or environmental problems has been accumulating through bring taboo the daily lives of a number of students. more than often than non, students blame their t from each oneers about giving short deadlines and heavy assignments. Failure to meet complaisance deadlines is unmatchable of the run s wherefore students get a low grade. Most teachers give a deduction in the grades if the student does not c ar with the period within which to prepare the task assigned. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThis study aims to solve these following questions1. What are the disadvantages of not haveing projects on time?2. What are the solutions to the problems bought by the disadvantages?3. How do the students cumulation with the set deadlines?4. What are the factors that make high school students of Diliman preceding(prenominal)School neglect to meet deadlines? supposalHigh school students of Diliman Preparatory School have difficulties in meeting deadlines because of their personal priorities.IMPORTANCE OF THE theaterThe goal of this study is to help the faculty members to know and understand why students fail to meet obligingness deadlines. This thesis pull up stakes also assist the students to know their weaknesses, to change and deal with difficulties in school curiously when submit ting projects. It aims to help further related dischargeics conducted by students on their research work. Furthermore, we would like to know what might cause the problem on school work. Likewise, the researchers want to know the possible ways to prevent failure in entranceway deadlines.DEFINITION OF TERMSAddiction- to much usage of somethingDeadline- the time by which something must be complete or submitted Extra-curricular activites- non-academic activities in school Laziness- declined to workPeer pressure- social pressure by members of ones peer root Procrastination- the act of counteracting somethingResources- an available meansTime management- setting of priorities in a habituated timeSCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDYThis study is only covers the thinks why high school students of Diliman Preparatory School fail to meet first appearance deadlines. Conduction of survey will be done from both(prenominal) honors and non honors classes. Random students will be chosen as a sample to avoid biased results. This will only be limited within the Diliman Preparatory School campus. No other people from several(predicate) campus can be part of this study. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREProcrastination or intentional delay?By Amy NovotneyProcrastination hinders many potash alum students, only sometimes delaying work to plan ahead or take a break can be beneficial. Jenny Cartinella cleans her apartment. Cathy Webber does math puzzles. Matt Kressin checks sports scores, and Carmen Ramirez Walker updates her Facebook page. all(prenominal) of them are psychology students move off other tasks theyre supposed to be doing. Its a tough habit to break, particularly these days when the Internet allows students to escape dissertation-writing frustrations with the click of a mouse. A 2007 meta-analysis by University of Calgary psychologist Piers Steel, PhD, reports that 80 percent to 95 percent of college students procrastinate, particularly when it comes to doing thei r coursework (Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 133, No. 1).Graduate students whitethorn be fracture than undergrads at fighting off dilatoriness, but theyre still pretty good at putting things off. In a 1997 survey, University of Denver School of Education professor Kathy Green, PhD, found that shillyshally was one of the top reasons doctoral students failed to complete their dissertations (New Directions for Higher Education Vol. 1,997, No. 99). Procrastination is a natural part of graduate school, says self-proclaimed postponer Kressin, a clinical psychology student at the School of Professional Psychology at Forest Institute in Springfield, Mo. Its so important to learn how to deal with it. What triggers students to clean out closets or wax the car when its time to work on their statistics paper? Usually its self-doubt, says procrastination researcher and Carleton University psychology professor Timothy A. Pychyl, PhD.As students, youre always being pushed out of your depthsthats what learning is, Pychyl says. Graduate students worry about performing inadequately or fear their victory may raise others expectations of them, he says. Other students may actually think they get a inebriate out of delaying their work and believe they work best under pressure, though thats not borne out in the experimental data, says DePaul University psychology professor Joseph Ferrari, PhD. Several studies in Steels 2007 meta-analysis suggest procrastination is negatively related to overall GPA, final exam scores and assignment grades. Students seem to remember the one time that maybe waiting until the last minute did pay off with a good grade, but theyforget the other nine times when it didnt, Ferrari says.Procrastination can also take a cost on a students mental health and well-being. In one 2007 study, Florida State University psychologists Dianne M. Tice, PhD, and Roy F. Baumeister, PhD, examined procrastination among students in a health psychology class. They found that early in the semester, procrastinators reported lower stress and less malady than non-procrastinators, but that late in the term, procrastinators reported higher stress and more illness (Psychological Science, Vol. 8, No. 6).Educational psychologist Bruce W. Tuckman, PhD, has devoted much of his career to helping procrastinators learn how to get to work. As coach and professor of the Ohio State University W.E. Dennis Learning Center, Tuckman teaches a course on learning and motivation strategies that 1,000 students attend each year. The course teaches students psychological principles and theories about achievement, motivation, self-regulation and information processing. Students also complete a questionnaire asking about which of 15 common rationalizations (see sidebar) for procrastination they use most often. They then learn about the most common reasons for procrastination, including a fear of failure, and several actions to take to ensure they meet their deadlines (see sideba r).In a paper he presented at this years American Educational Research Association annual meeting, Tuckman provided evidence that the course may really work Over seven years, students who took the class ended up with higher grade breaker point averagestypically about 0.5 points higher in the semester after the course. They also reported higher college retention and commencement ceremony rates than a control group of matched students who did not take the course. It really makes a significant difference, he says. Yet a small subset of researchers proposes that not all procrastination behaviors are harmful or genius to negative outcomes. In a 2005 study in The Journal of Social Psychology (Vol. 145, No. 3), Jin Nam Choi, PhD, a business professor at Seoul National University in South Korea, differentiated between cardinal types of procrastinators passive procrastinators, who postpone tasks until the last minute because of an inability to act in a timely manner, and participating p rocrastinators, who prefer the time pressure and purposely decide to delay a task but are still able tocomplete tasks before deadlines and achieve satisfactory outcomes.Choi and co-author Angela Hsin Chun Chu, a doctoral student at Columbia University, tested the 12-item scale they developed to distinguish the two procrastination types among a group of 230 undergraduates from three Canadian universities. They found that although active procrastinators reported the same level of procrastination as their handed-down or passive counterparts, they demonstrated a productive use of time, adaptive coping styles and academic cognitive process outcomes that were nearly identical toand in some cases even better thanthose of non-procrastinators. In a study create in April in the same journal, Choi and McGill University organizational behavior doctoral student Sarah V. Moran developed and validated an expand measure of active procrastination and confirmed the 2005 findings. From my own life and findings from these studies, I believe that procrastination characterized by these four effectsoutcome satisfaction, preference for pressure, intentional decision and ability to meet deadlinesis beneficial for separate well-being and performance, Choi says.But graduate students shouldnt view this research as a free pass to spend hours on Facebook when they should be developing a bibliography for their thesis, merely because they think theyre doing it purposefully, Pychyl says. He argues that Chois research points out the positives of intentional delay, which can be a necessary part of managing daily tasks term pursuing our goals, he says. Delay and procrastination are not the same things, Pychyl says. Lets not confuse deliberate, thoughtful delay of action with the lack of self-regulatory ability known as procrastination.Instruments, Tools and TechniquesWe use questionnaire as our survey forms for this study. Random selection of 50 respondents was done in order to get unbiased result. We reach information from the internet in order to find related studies in our research. Data analysis and agencyThe survey forms which are approved by the principal asked the respondents if they like doing projects, how many projects did they usually do in a quarter, what are the reasons why teacher set deadlines, how long is thesubmission of project- make prior to submission, what are the reasons why students fail to meet submission deadlines, and what is the possible solution in order to help the students meet submission deadlines. After getting the information needed, we tallied and used the proper formula to interpret the data and make conclusion. sample ProcedureWe used random as a sampling technique, wherein we chose randomly a subset of individuals from a larger set. Each individual is chosen randomly in every year level by chance. statistical TreatmentWe use percentage method and ranking scale for Statistical method. Manual computation took mark because we nee d to rank the reasons of failure of meeting submission deadlines.SUMMARYMost of the students dont like doing projects. Usually they do 4-6 projects in a quarter. Its good to know that majority of them meet submission deadlines. They think that teachers give projects to teach them proper time management. The duration of project making prior to submission deadline is commonly 2 weeks. Many of the respondents ranked laziness as the main(prenominal) reason why students dont meet deadlines and setting priority is the best way students think in order to submit requirements on time. CONCLUSIONBased on the results of our data, we can conclude that laziness is the main factor why students fail to meet submission deadlines. Laziness may lead to lack of time management, technology addiction, and other factors stated above. Lack of allotted time for project making affects the students performance. Having many projects and lack to time may lead to students dilemma.RECOMMENDATIONWe suggest for t he bordering researchers to have a broad study about the solutions in order to help students meet submission deadlines. For the faculty members and school administrators, we recommend conducting a study or survey among

Theory and Practice of Work with Young People

The pigeonholing constituted an open air society, a communal gathering which had great importance soci all(prenominal)y, culturally and economically. During to each one nightly meeting the teenaged consummationer, once fully integ pastured, listened, drumheaded, argued and received unaw atomic number 18s an in hurlal upbringing.. (Roberts in smith, 199824).Describing his stupefy of street groups in the azoic part of the twentieth century, Roberts practises the term liberal fostering to retrace the accidental discipline that took place as a direct result of the interaction between youthishish figure placeing men. and give the axe what we call idle education in the 21st century be set forth as accidental? Mark Smith argues that whilstLearning whitethorn at first seem to be incidental it is non necessarily accidental actions are taken with some heading. The specific goal may not be clear at any one time yet the process is deliberate. (Smith, 199463).Througho ut this assignment I shall be exploring the term informal education, examining its origins and meanings, its purpose and practice. Using historical information to examine the betimes grow of present day offspringfulness impart, I shall petition whether anything has corporeally changed in the past 150 days by exploring the issues that I face in my day to day practice as a youth and community subjecter.In 1755 Jean Jacques Rousseau published his work A Discourse on In satisfactoryity and argued that as civilisations grew, they corruptedMans immanent happiness and emancipation by creating artificial inequalities of wealth, power and genial privilege (Smith, 2001, www.infed.org/thinkers/et-rous.htm)In 1801 Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi published How Gertrude Teaches Her Children. akin Rousseau, Pestalozzi was absorbed with kindly justice and he sought to work with those he considered to be adversely stirred by hearty conditions, seeing in education an opportunity for impro vement. (Smith, 2001). In the first half of the 20th century John Dewey published three books that built on the earlier work of educationalists want Rousseau and Pestalozzi. These plant heavily orderd the growth of informal education as we know it directly since theyIncluded a concern with democracy and community with cultivating reflection and thinking with go to to experience and the environment.(Smith, 2001, www.infed.org/thinkers/et-hist.htmtheory).In 1946 Josephine Macalister Brews book Informal teaching Adventures and Reflections, brought informal education into the realm of youth work. This was followed in 1966 by The Social culture of the Adolescent by Bernard Davies and Alan Gibson. Since thence t here own been numerous works on the subject of informal education, to the highest degree notably, in relation to youth work, those of Tony Jeffs and Mark Smith.So what exactly is informal education? want many name in use today, it is widely apply to describe an enormo us variety of settings and activities. In 1960 the Albermarle Report used it to describe youth work provision asThe go along social and informal education of novel plenty in terms most likely to bring them to maturity. (in Smith, 1988124).Houle (1980) favoured the experiential definition of informal education describing it as education that occurs as a result of direct participation in the events of life (In Smith, 1988130), whilst Mark Smith s abet one way of thinking be quiet to informal education is as the informed use of the everyday in order to enable learning (Smith, 1988130).In 2001 Smith went further, describing informal education that* works through with(predicate) and is driven by conversation* involves exploring and enlarging experience* toilette take place in any setting(Smith, 2001, www.infed.org/i-intro.htm)And of its purposeAt one level, the purpose of informal education is no different to any other form of education. In one situation we may focus on, secern, healthy eating, in another family transactionhips. However, running through all this is a concern to build the salmagundis of communities and relationships in which volume can be happy and fulfilled. (Smith, 2001, www.infed.org/i-intro.htm).Whilst I would agree with Mark Smiths definition of informal education there is and has been an enormous diversity of opinions, theories and explanations of exactly what sort of community we need for throng to be happy and fulfilled. Smiths assertion that the role of informal educators is to work towards all concourse population able to share a common life with an emphasis onWork for the well-being of all, respect the unique value and dignity of each human being, dialogue, equality and justice, democracy and the ready pursuit of state in the issues that affect their lives (Smith, 2001, http//www.infed.org/i-intro.htm)involves a commitment to anti-oppressive practice that is expounded in more than of the literature skirt the field o f informal education. But this has not of all time been the case and can we hand on nubble honestly lay claim to practicing liberating education in our work today?Whilst Rousseau, Pestalozzi and Dewey all identified structural inequalities and countd that education is the vestigial method of social progress and reform (Dewey in Smith, 2001, www.infed.org/archives/e-texts/e-dew-pc.htm) the application of their theories were not al slipway applied to the work of those who first began providing work for young flock. Indeed early ventures into the field of youth work are often seen as pick upling not liberating and as overtly oppressive sort of of anti-oppressive.The early youth military service history in both England and Wales has been described as a time when work with young people was characterised by both appalling social and employment conditions and by rapid social and political change caused by the development of an industrialised urban society (Jones & Rose, 200127)It is within this context that intervention by snapper discipline societies and musical arrangements in the 1800s was seen to be necessary in order to rescue, take for and/or rehabilitate young, running(a) disunite people. Concern over the working conditions of children and young people brought into being an array of groups, clubs and educational work and policies designed to rescue and protect young people from the worst excesses of employment practices and the failure of working consort parents to provide a suitable and controlled home life. workings class adolescents were thought to be most likely to display delinquent and rebellious characteristics because it was widely assumed that working class parents exercised inadequate control over brutal adolescent instincts (Humphries 1981 in Smith, 19889)This moral underclass discourse lays the blame for social inequalities, mendicancy and disaffection solely on the shoulders of the working class themselves becauseThe problems f aced are then seen not so much as structural but as personal. The central deficit is often portrayed as emotional or moral (Smith, 198856).And it in like manner suggests thatTheir demeanour, without coercion and control, will mean that they will bear on unable to heart the included majority (Payne, 2001 handout)By the end of the nineteenth century, compulsory education and a exploitation number of eudaimonia statutes meant that youth workers focus shifted from welfare and rescue to a concern with the moral character of young people which was underpinned by the growing influence of Victorian family political orientation.The Victorian middle class had very definite ideas most the ideal family and the desirability of imposing such an ideal upon the whole of society. (Finnegan, 1999129)This wasNot just a family ideology but also a gender ideology. It was a careful and deliberate attempt to reorganise the relations between the sexes according to middle-class ways and values and t hen define the outcome as someway being natural (Smith, 19884)Thompson says of this viewTo describe, for example, the traditional male role of breadwinner as natural adds a false, pseudo-biological air of legitimacy. (Thomspon, 200128)This was at a time when the discovery of adolescence by Hall and Slaughter and a biologically determined explanation of human behavior meant thatThose who saw it as their duty or job to intervene in the lives of young people, now had a suitable vocabulary of scientific terms with which to carry forward their intentions (Smith, 19889)The Biological determination of human behaviour further justified differentiated gender roles within the family as well as creating anIdeology of adolescence marked out (by) a biologically determined norm of youthful behaviour and appearance which was white/anglo, middle class, heterosexual, able bodied male (Griffin, 199318)However, just as family ideology was a driving force in find social relations at the beginning o f the twentieth century it is just as powerful here in the twenty-first.Roche & Tucker say thatIt is through the use of the representations (discursive messages and images) contained within family ideology that social policies and educational and welfare arrangements are constructed and maintained. (Roche & Tucker 200194)Gittins agreeFamily ideology has been a vital heart and soul the vital delegacy of holding unitedly and legitimising the existing social, economic, political and gender systems. (Gittins in Roche & Tucker 200194)This is significant if Driver and Martell are correct in asserting that present day Labour increasingly favours conditional, morally prescriptive, conservative and private communitarianisms (Driver & Martell, 199727) which Etzioni believed would right the social problems of today that are attributable to the failure of people to exercise social and moral responsibility (Etzioni in Henderson & Salmon, 198822). Etzioni underline the role of the traditio nal nuclear family in inculcating in children the right moral standards and he described communitarianism facial expressionCommunitarians call for a peer marriage of two parents committed to one another and their children (Etzioni in Henderson & Salmon, 198822)Like the Victorians, present day government can be seen as equally keen to legislate into being their ideology of the nuclear family through the use of stricter divorce laws and punitive measures overthrowd on single parents. The decisiveness to cut lone parent premiums from income backup man and child benefit in 1998 are examples of a willingness to impose their ideology on society as a whole despite the fact that what they are proposing as normal or natural is not bourn out statistically.The ideological norm of the nuclear family is often presented as if it were a statistical norm whereas, in fact, only 23% of households follow the nuclear family pattern of biological parents with their unfree children. (Thompson, 20012 8)Michael Anderson also points out that despite the belief that the traditional family has only recently become fragmented, marital rest period up was a unfluctuating feature of 19th century Britain and is not peculiar to the 20th century. comparing marital dissolution caused by death in 1826 and by death and divorce in 1980, Anderson think thatThe problem of marital break-up is not then new (it) was clearly, statistically, an equally or even more upright problem (Anderson in Drake, 199473)However, this desire and determination to bring about a extra kind of society influenced by a set of morals and ideals is reminiscent of Mark Smiths definition of the purpose of informal education asA concern to build the sorts of communities and relationships in which people can be happy and fulfilled. (Smith, 2001, www.infed.org/i-intro.htm).The only real difference lies in the definition of what makes for community fulfilment and happiness. Smith says that informal educationInvolves sett ing out with the intention of fostering learning. It entails influencing the environment and is based on a commitment to certain values.. (Smith, 199919).It would not be difficult to describe the efforts of the middle class in the 19th century in such a way although with our 21st century eyes we now believe we can read the intended control and oppression of working class communities behind their ideals.But in the 21st century are we genuinely doing much better? If our suspicions concerning the intentionality behind the actions of Victorian middle class youth workers are correct, can we say our own intentionality is any purer?If intentionality can be understood as power as defined by Bertrand Russell when he says that power is the production of intended resolutions (in Jeffs & Smith, 19905), we could be accused of wielding power in order to bring out the sorts of communities and relationships in which people can be happy and fulfilled (Smith, 2001, www.infed.org/i-intro.htm), acco rding to our own philosophies, beliefs and current hegemonic principles, in much the same way that we accuse the middle class philanthropists of the 19th century. Is the ability to wield power to effect change in the lives of others conducive with a practice that has at its heart a commitment to anti-discriminatory practice whichMeans recognising power imbalances and working towards the promotion of change to redress the balance of power (Dalrympole & Burke, 200015).As professional workers we can also be considered middle class? All of which begs the question, have we more in common with our predecessors than we like to think?It is certainly possible that they too thought they were operating with the same moral authority that Jeffs & Smith describe as part of an informal educators role inBeing seen by others as people with integrity, soundness and an understanding of right and wrong (Jeffs & Smith, 199985)Especially in their desire to provide a strong guiding influence to lead them (young people) onward and upward socially and morally (Sweatman, 1863 in Smith, 198812).No doubt they would also have agreed with Kerry Youngs description of youth work as supporting young peoples moral deliberations and learning (Young in Banks, 199989).But early youth workers cannot be described as concerned with equality and anti-oppressive practice. On the contrary, their work wasContained within particular class, gender, racial and age structures a womans place was in the home, to be British was to be best, betters were to be honoured and youth had to earn its advancement and wait its turn (Smith, 198819)This made life extremely difficult for anyone who did not fit the stereotypic image of British youth. Tolerance and respect for other races and religious systems was not a feature of informal education and, for example, the estimated 100,000 Jewish immigrants that arrived in Britain between 1840 and 1914 had great difficultyMaintaining a distinctive culture in a climate of op pression and restriction (coupled with) pressures to acculturate to middle-class norms (Pryce, 200182)So what of my practice, of my intentionality? Do I run away from a moral underclass ideology that blames homeless young people for their situation or do I work from a redistributive discourse that sees the issue of poverty as central to the exclusion these young people experience? Can what I do in my day to day practice be termed informal education? Am I concerned with oppression and anti-oppressive practice?Much of what I and Nightstop as an agency do in our work involves enabling young people to live within a system that is discriminatory, unfair and biased towards a particular form of family ideology that suggests that young people should remain dependent on their parents until financially independent or aged 25 which means that they are empower to discredit rates of benefit. Even those young people who work find themselves living on lower profitss than their older colleagu es. Christine Griffin argued that the discovery of adolescenceEmerged primarily as a consequence of changes in class relations as expanding capitalist economies demanded a cheap and youthful labour force (Griffin in Roche & Tucker, 200118)Even today the notion that young people deserve less pay than their elders finds voice in the policies of the minimum wage which offers no restriction on wages for 16/17 year olds and a lower rate for those aged 18-22.Our continued involvement in teaching them to budget their reduced incomes could easily be described as an expression of an ideology that believes that it is the lack of skills these young people have that cause them difficulties in living the benefit and pay systems rather than a belief in the failure of the systems to provide adequate means of survival. And if this was all that we do we could not be described as informal educators if part of the formulae for informal education involvesEquality and justice, democracy and the active i nvolvement of people in the issues that affect their lives (Smith, 2001, http//www.infed.org/i-intro.htm)However, whilst enabling young people to develop the skills necessary to live independently we also encourage them to question the inequalities they face and the ideologies underpinning them. By lovely young people in conversation, which Jeffs and Smith say is central to our work as informal educators (Jeffs & Smith, 199921), and asking is that fair and why do you think that is we encourage them to question things they take for granted as normal and natural and involve them in what Freire described as problem-posing education which encourages people to critically examine the world so they mayPerceive the reality of oppression, not as a closed world from which there is no exit, but as a limiting situation which they can transform (Freire, 199331).I do not believe the same can be said for the work of early youth workers and much of the work they undertook can be understood as desi gned to maintain the status quo, to silence the witnesses to oppressive regimes and to control the the great unwashed that were beginning to organise themselves via the emergence of trade unions. Emile Durkheim described this type of education as simply the means by which society prepares, in its children, the essential conditions of its own existence (Giddens, 1972203), which can be understood as a form of social control. The process which enforces values and maintains order is termed social control(Hoghughi, 1983 in Hart, 2001, youthworkcentral.tripod.com/sean1.htm)Again the question arises, as informal educators in the 21st century are we doing much better? Sean Hart believes we may not.Social control within a context of community work may be regarded as a process of continuity. Indeed much community work, especially that of those with right wing political ideology, involves self- assistance and reservation the best of what you have. Thus, it could be argued that this kind of w ork reinforces the current hegemony and deflects from attempts to challenge the oppression it creates.(Hart, 2001, youthworkcentral.tripod.com/sean1.htm)The difficulty in this for my work is that the young people with whom I work must learn to make the best of what they have and the free-and-easy grind of finding enough to eat means that they have little energy left for level oppressive regimes.As Friere saidOne of the gravest obstacles to the achievement of liberation is that oppressive reality absorbs those within it and thereby acts to submerge human beings consciousness (Freire, 199333).And as they struggle with meeting their most basic of needs I sometimes find it difficult to justify my continuing commitment to educate them about inequality when their overwhelming red is viewed from my comfortable, middle class life style. The inescapable ethical dilemma is very clear since their need pays for and justifies my existence as the manager of Nightstop. As Mark Smith says the we lfare professionsProvide a rich base of desirable jobs for members of elite and middle class groups where such groups can enjoy varying degrees of power, privilege and freedom in their work (Smith, 198858).And I certainly do have power, not only within my own organisation but within local government departments who actively seek my input on the development of services for homeless young people. But in order to ensure that I do not help to to maintain the system which supports (me) (Smith, 198858) I now encourage those systems to interact directly with the young people for whom services are being designed at the same time as encouraging young people themselves to play an active part in service development by helping them develop their social intelligence. This can be described asAn understanding of social rules which govern our interactions and an ability to follow or manipulate these to achieve our ends. (Graham in Hunter, 200175).and although this means that I favour David Clar ks model of community as a collection of social systems and of individuals in community as affected by different systems (Hunter, 200120) and of community development as opening systems up to each other (Hunter, 2001112) this does not fit with Freires view thatThe solution is not to compound them into the structure of oppression but to transform that structure so that they can become beings for themselves (Freire, 199655).However, I also believe that young people themselves have the ability to transform the structure by virtue of their active involvement within it since I do not see young people as incapable of making a vital and valuable contribution to their communities. In this I seek to avoid the care that I have a lack of confidence in the peoples ability to think, to want and to know (Freire, 199642).The same cannot be said of the youth workers in the early 20th century who felt it necessary to improve young people but without the welfare and rescue focus open up it necess ary to have other ways of encouraging young people to attend. This was resolved in so far as young people were to be attracted by waste opportunities whilst support from the ruling classes could be enlisted via the aims of moral improvement so close to their heart. Baden-Powells identification of citizenship as an answer to problematic youth in 1907 enabled him to offer up scouting and its emphasis onObservation and deduction, chivalry, patriotism, self-sacrifice, personal hygiene, saving life, self-reliance, etc (Jeal, 1995382)Claiming this would produce a new generation of young people who would fit more closely the ideals sought. In other words he described his practice in terms likely to fit the dominant ideology of the day in order to secure the support he needed to continue the work. Again reminiscent of today sinceAttempts to attract changing sources of living have usually been accompanied by promises to elicit from young people whatever behaviour was demand by the particu lar funding body (Young in Banks, 199978).I encounter the dilemma between the needs of my organisation for funding and the desire to end the stereotypical classification of homeless young people on a regular basis as I am frequently required to describe homeless young people in terms that are labelling and oppressive in order to meet the criteria and therefore the ideology of funders which suggests that young people should be capable of independent adult life but whose efforts are actually consistently thwarted by (their) relegation to the status of a dependent underclass (Henderson & Salmon, 198830).The new youth service of 1900s found thatWhile clubs have exploited the need for recreation among working class adolescents, and combined this with their being vehicles for a conservative ideology, they did not necessarily attract large numbers (White early 1900s in Smith, 198814).Concern with the numbers of young people attending youth provision is no less today than it was then. The continued need of sponsors, whether statutory or voluntary, for statistical information concerning the use of facilities and opportunities, means that we are ever pushed towards quantifying our work for evaluation purposes instead of concentrating on the quality of provision. Mark Smith says thatPart of the reason for the failure to attract working class young people lies in the tension between social provision and improving aims (Smith, 198814)and although he was describing the dilemmas of early youth workers I believe this is also present today. If informal education has purpose then it cannot be anything other than improving, even Jeffs and Smith say that informal education works to the betterment of individuals, groups and communities (Jeffs & Smith, 199983).And if we are not honest and open about our improving aims, can young people be said to be participating voluntarily from a position of informed consent?The need to improve and socialise young people has continued to be a re curring theme throughout the 20th century within government policy. The Education Act of 1918 gave Local Education Authorities the power to spend money on the social genteelness of young people (Smith, 198834). beak 1486, In the Service of Youth (Board of Education, 1939) which said that youth services should have an equal status with other educational services (Nicholls, 19978) talked of the disruption the 14-20 age group had suffered in its physical and social development (Smith, 198834).Circular 1516, The Challenge of Youth said the aim of an LEA should be to develop the whole personality of individual boys and girls to enable them to take their place as full members of a free community (Nicholls, 19979) whilst Circular 1577 (Board of Education 1941) required young people to register with their LEA and be interviewed and advised as to how they might spend their leisure time (Smith, 198835).In 1960 the Albermarle Report portrayed the main job of youth work as being to help young people to become healthy adults (Smith, 198849) although Mark Smith argues that the second element of Albemarles vision for the youth service (was) the containment and control of troublesome youth (Smith, 198871). In 1966 the Home Office Childrens Department began planning Community Development Projects to aid work preventing family breakdown and juvenile delinquency (Nicholls, 199720) which effectively takes us back 100 years.Informal education since then has taken on many guises, from concern about dwindling numbers of young people attending provision, to a growing awareness that there are young people who do not attend at all, the unattached youth. However it is the continuing response to a problematic discourse that has characterised the series of moral panics about young people that has in the past and continues today to shape youth work.ConclusionAlthough a growing political awareness of the needs of young people who have been marginalised and excluded by society because of their race, gender, disability, sexuality and class etc., led to targeted work that was and is issue based, youth work has, throughout the past 150 years, maintained its associational character (Smith, 2001). However, recent work has begun to concentrate more on the individual than the social groupwork (Smith, 2002, www.infed.org/youthwork/transforming.htm) Smith says is fundamental to informal education.The linking of the youth service to the Connexions Strategy with its emphasis on surveillance, control and containment, coupled with an individual, case work emphasis will mean thatThe concern with conversation, experience and democracy normally associated with informal education is pushed to the background(Smith, 2002, www.infed.org/youthwork/transforming.htm)Working to state led objectives and targets that are fed by a communitarianist ideology that focuses on the family mean that what informal educators do in the twenty-first century does not differ greatly from the work undertak en in the 19th and the assumption that adults have a right to intervene in the lives of young people, from a variety of clandestine agendas and purposes continues unchallenged. In 1944 Paneth askedHave we been intruders, disturbing an otherwise happy community, or is it only the bourgeois in us, feeler face to face with his opponents, who minds and wants to change them because he feels threatened? Or do they need help from outdoor(a)? (Paneth, 1944 in Smith, 198837).