Microelectronic Pill Essay

1. ABSTRACTA Microelectronic pill is a basically a multichannel demodulator apply for remote biomedical measurements using micro technology. This has been substantial for the internal study and detection of distempers and abnormalities in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract where dependent access prevents the occasion of traditional endoscope. The measurement parameters for detection include palp qualified time remote recording of temperature, pH, conduction and dissolved oxygen in the GI tract. This paper deals with the design of the Microelectronic pill which mainly consists of an extinctermost biocompatible capsule encasing 4channel micro detectors, a control chip, a discrete component radio transmitter and 2 silver oxide cells. Our eubstance is a sensitive system.Many times even doctors arent able to interpret the disease. Thus it become too late to cure it. To pack this problem scientists discovered electronic capsule in 1972. Use of discrete & relatively large compone nts, poor reliability, short lifetimes & low esthesia makes it outdated. To overcome all these problems Professor Jon Cooper and Dr Erik Johanessen from Glasgow University , U.K has led to the development of a modern microelectronic pill. When Microelectronic pill is swallowed, then it will move virtually through the Gastro Intestinal Tract & simultaneously perform multiparameter in situ physiologic analysis After completing its mission it will come out of the body by normal bowel movement The pill is 16mm in diameter & 55mm long weighing around 5 gram It records parameters corresponding temperature, pH, conductivity, & Dissolved Oxygen in real time. PARTS CONTROL snick RADIO TRANSMITTER 2 SILVER OXIDE CELLS BIOCOMPATIBLE envelop ENCASING MICROSENSOR SILICON rectifying valve 3 ELECTRODE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL DIRECT CONTACT bullion ELECTRODE ION-SELECTIVE cranial orbit EFFECT TRANSISTOR (ISFET) SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF MICRO ELECTRONIC CAPSULEIt measures the body core temperature .Also compensates with the temperature induced signal changes in separate sensors. It overly identifies local changes associated with TISSUE INFLAMMATION & ULCERS. SILICON DIODEThe ISFET measures pH.It scum bag reveal pathological conditions associated with abnormal pH levels These abnormalities include Pancreatic diseaseHypertensionInflammatory bowel diseaseThe activity of fermenting bacteriumThe level of acid excretionReflux of oesophagusEffect of GI specific drugs on targetorgans.ION-SELECTIVE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR (ISFET)The gibe of direct contact Gold electrodes measures conductivity, by measuring the contents of piddle & salt absorption, bile secretion & the breakdown of organic components into charged colloids and so forth in the GI tract. Since the gold has best conductivity among all the elements, thereof it gives true value of conductivity as measured. DIRECT CONTACT GOLD ELECTRODEThe three electrode electrochemical cell detects the level of dissolved oxygen in so lution. It measures the oxygen gradient from the proximal to the distal GI Tract It investigates increase of aerobic or bacterial infectionFormation of radicals causing cellular injury & pathophysiological conditions like inflammation & Gastric ulceration. It develops 1 st generation enzymes link up with amperometric biosensors. 3 ELECTRODE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLARRANGEMENT MICRO ELECTRONIC anovulant CHIP 1 CHIP 2 CONTROL CHIPThe ASIC (Application specialized Integrated Circuit) is the control unit that connects together other components of the micro system. It contains an latitude signal conditioning module operating the sensors, 10-bit analogue to digital (ADC) & digital to analogue (DAC) converters, & digital data moulding module The temperature circuitry bias the diode at invariable current so that change in temperature reflects a correspondingchange in in diode voltage. The pH ISFET sensor is biased as a simple source at constant current with the source voltage changing with threshold voltage & pH. The conductivity circuit operates at D.C. It measures the resistance across the electrode pair as an rearward function of solution conductivity. An incorporated potentiostat circuit operates the O 2 sensor with a 10 bit DAC controlling the working electrode potential w.r.t the fiber Analogue signals are sequenced through a multiplexer before being digitized by ADC. ASIC & sensors consume 5.3 mW power corresponding to 1.7 mA of current. CONTROL CHIP coat of transmitter = 8 5 3 mmModulation object = absolute frequency Shift Keying (FSK)Data Transfer Rate = 1 kbpsFrequency = 40.01 MHz at 20 CBandwidth of the signal generated 10 kilocycle per secondIt consumes 6.8 mW power at 2.2 mA of current.RADIO TRANSMITTOROBSERVATIONS ON RECIEVER COMPUTER2 SR44 Ag 2 O batteries are apply.Operating Time 40 hours.Power Consumption = 12.1 mWCorresponding current consumption = 3.9mASupply voltage = 3.1 V2 SILVER OXIDE BATTERIESRANGE Temperature from 0 to 70 CpH f rom 1 to 13Dissolved Oxygen up to 8.2 mg per literConductivity above 0.05 mScm -1Full scale dynamic part analogue signal = 2.8 VACCURACY pH channel is around 0.2 unit above the real valueOxygen Sensor is 0.4 mgL.Temperature & Conductivity is within 1%.RANGE & ACCURACYIt is being beneficially used for disease detection & abnormalities in human body. There fore it is also called as MAGIC PILL FOR HEALTH CARE Adaptable for use in corrosive & quiescent environment It can be used in industries in evaluation of water quality, Pollution Detection, fermentation process control & inspection of pipelines. Micro Electronic Pill utilizes a PROGRAMMABLE secondary MODE , So Power consumption is very less. It has very half-size size, hence it is very easy for practical usage High sensitivity, true(p) reliability & Life times.Very long life of the cells(40 hours), Less Power, contemporary & Voltage requirement (12.1 mW, 3.9 mA, 3.1 V) Less transmission length & hence has zipper noise interfer ence. ADVANTAGESread thisuse this link to download presentation * RE MICROELECTRONIC PILLS